Chapter 8 - Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviors Flashcards
Social Action vs Social Interaction
Action: Individual
Interaction: 2+ Individuals
Social Action
Tailoring behaviors due to presence of others.
Social Facilitation
Increased task performance due to presence of others
Yerks-Dodson
- High task knowledge = Increased performance w/ others
- Low task knowledge = Decreased performance w/ others
Social Loafing
Decreased effort in the presence of others
Peer Pressure
Social influence by peers
Identity Shift Effect
Conformation to group to avoid being an outcast
Cognitive Dissonance
Perception of conflicting information and discomfort/confusion
associated
Group Polarization
Tendency four groups to make more radical decisions than any one individual would on their own
Groupthink
Desire for harmony/conformity leading to improper decision making
8 Factors of Groupthink
- Illusion of invulnerability
- Collective rationalization
- Self censorship
- Illusion of morality
- Excessive stereotyping
- Pressure for conformity
- Illusion of unanimity
- Mindguards
Culture
Beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a croup or society of people.
Cultural transmission/learning vs diffusion
Transmission: Generation to generation
Diffusion: culture to culture
Primary vs Secondary Socialization
Primary: Learning appropriate behaviors as a child
Secondary: Learning appropriate behaviors in a sub section of society
Anticipatory Socialization
Preparation for future lifestyle change.
Resocialization
Change in behaviors due to lifestyle change.
Norms
Acceptable range of behaviors
Mores
Widely accepted range of behaviors
Formal vs Informal Sanctions
Formal: imposed by social institutions (jail)
Informal: imposed by social groups (shunning)
Agents of Socialization
Family, peers, religions, government, media, work, ethnic background, clubs/social groups, school
Deviance
Violation of norms
Labeling Theory
Labeling of individuals not only affect social standing but also self-image.
Differential Association Theory
Deviance is learned through associate with other deviants.
Strain Theory
Deviance is a naturally occurring reaction to a disconnect between social goals and social structure.
Conformity
Matching attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs to group or social norms.
Internalization vs Identification
Internalization: outward acceptance and inward acceptance
Identification: outward acceptance but not inward acceptance.
Complience
Matching attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs when asked.
Compliance Techniques
Foot in the door, door in the face, lowball, that’s not all
Obedience
Change in attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs when give direct orders.
Social Cognition
Ways people think about others and how this impact behavior
Attitude
Positive or negative feelings towards others, situations, places, things
Components of Attitude
A - Affect (feeling)
B - Behavior
C - Cognition
Attitude Theories
Functional attitudes Theory
Learning Theory
Elaboration Likelihood Theory
Social Cognitive Theory
Function Attitudes Theory
- Knowledge
- Ego expression
- Ego defense
- Adaptation
Learning Theory
Attitudes are developed through learning
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Attitudes are based on low/high elaboration
Central vs Peripheral Elaboration
Central - Based on facts
Peripheral - Based on appearances.
Social Cognitive Theory
Attitudes are based on the observation of others.
Depend on behavior, personal factors, and the environment.
