Chapter 8 - Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviors

Question 1

Social Action vs Social Interaction

Answer 1

Action: Individual
Interaction: 2+ Individuals

Question 2

Social Action

Answer 2

Tailoring behaviors due to presence of others.

Question 3

Social Facilitation

Answer 3

Increased task performance due to presence of others

Question 4

Yerks-Dodson

Answer 4

• High task knowledge = Increased performance w/ others
• Low task knowledge = Decreased performance w/ others

Question 5

Social Loafing

Answer 5

Decreased effort in the presence of others

Question 6

Peer Pressure

Answer 6

Social influence by peers

Question 7

Identity Shift Effect

Answer 7

Conformation to group to avoid being an outcast

Question 8

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 8

Perception of conflicting information and discomfort/confusion
associated

Question 9

Group Polarization

Answer 9

Tendency four groups to make more radical decisions than any one individual would on their own

Question 10

Groupthink

Answer 10

Desire for harmony/conformity leading to improper decision making

Question 11

8 Factors of Groupthink

Answer 11

• Illusion of invulnerability
• Collective rationalization
• Self censorship
• Illusion of morality
• Excessive stereotyping
• Pressure for conformity
• Illusion of unanimity
• Mindguards

Question 12

Culture

Answer 12

Beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a croup or society of people.

Question 13

Cultural transmission/learning vs diffusion

Answer 13

Transmission: Generation to generation
Diffusion: culture to culture

Question 14

Primary vs Secondary Socialization

Answer 14

Primary: Learning appropriate behaviors as a child
Secondary: Learning appropriate behaviors in a sub section of society

Question 15

Anticipatory Socialization

Answer 15

Preparation for future lifestyle change.

Question 16

Resocialization

Answer 16

Change in behaviors due to lifestyle change.

Question 17

Norms

Answer 17

Acceptable range of behaviors

Question 18

Mores

Answer 18

Widely accepted range of behaviors

Question 19

Formal vs Informal Sanctions

Answer 19

Formal: imposed by social institutions (jail)
Informal: imposed by social groups (shunning)

Question 20

Agents of Socialization

Answer 20

Family, peers, religions, government, media, work, ethnic background, clubs/social groups, school

Question 21

Deviance

Answer 21

Violation of norms

Question 22

Labeling Theory

Answer 22

Labeling of individuals not only affect social standing but also self-image.

Question 23

Differential Association Theory

Answer 23

Deviance is learned through associate with other deviants.

Question 24

Strain Theory

Answer 24

Deviance is a naturally occurring reaction to a disconnect between social goals and social structure.

Question 25

Conformity

Answer 25

Matching attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs to group or social norms.

Question 26

Internalization vs Identification

Answer 26

Internalization: outward acceptance and inward acceptance
Identification: outward acceptance but not inward acceptance.

Question 27

Complience

Answer 27

Matching attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs when asked.

Question 28

Compliance Techniques

Answer 28

Foot in the door, door in the face, lowball, that’s not all

Question 29

Obedience

Answer 29

Change in attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs when give direct orders.

Question 30

Social Cognition

Answer 30

Ways people think about others and how this impact behavior

Question 31

Attitude

Answer 31

Positive or negative feelings towards others, situations, places, things

Question 32

Components of Attitude

Answer 32

A - Affect (feeling)
B - Behavior
C - Cognition

Question 33

Attitude Theories

Answer 33

Functional attitudes Theory
Learning Theory
Elaboration Likelihood Theory
Social Cognitive Theory

Question 34

Function Attitudes Theory

Answer 34

• Knowledge
• Ego expression
• Ego defense
• Adaptation

Question 35

Learning Theory

Answer 35

Attitudes are developed through learning

Question 36

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Answer 36

Attitudes are based on low/high elaboration

Question 37

Central vs Peripheral Elaboration

Answer 37

Central - Based on facts
Peripheral - Based on appearances.

Question 38

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 38

Attitudes are based on the observation of others.
Depend on behavior, personal factors, and the environment.