Chapter 5 - Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 1

Extrinsic - Showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment.
Intrinsic - Driven by interest or enjoyment.

Question 2

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Answer 2

Certain behaviors are based on evolutionarily programmed instinct.

Question 3

William McDougal Claim to Fame

Answer 3

Instinct theory

Question 4

Arousal Theory of Motivation

Answer 4

Individuals perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of arousal.

Question 5

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 5

U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. Performance is worse at extremely high and low levels of arousal.

Question 6

Drives Reduction Theory of Motivation

Answer 6

Centers around maintaining homeostasis. Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.

Question 7

Drives

Answer 7

Internal state of tension that activate behaviors focused on goals.

Question 8

Primary Drives

Answer 8

Bottom row on Maslow’s hierarchy.

Question 9

Secondary Drives

Answer 9

Higher levels on Maslows hierarchy.

Question 10

Need-based Theories of Motivation

Answer 10

Energy and resources are allocated to best satisfy human needs. Think Maslow’s hierarchy

Question 11

Self-determination theory.

Answer 11

3 universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Question 12

Incentive Theory

Answer 12

Behavior motivated by desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment.

Question 13

Opponent Process Theory

Answer 13

Every behavior has an effective balance.

Ex:
When drug users first use drugs, there is high pleasure (A process) and low withdrawal symptoms (B process). As time goes on the A process decreases and the B process increases.

Question 14

Sexual Motivation Theory

Answer 14

Physiologically, sexual motivation is based on the secretion of hormones, however, cultural norms and conditioning influence sexual motivation.

Question 15

Emotion

Answer 15

Natural instinctive state of mind derived from a circumstance.

Question 16

3 Elements of Emotion

Answer 16

Physiological, behavioral, and cognitive.

Question 17

Physiological response (emotion)

Answer 17

Changes in physiology including BP, heart rate, temperature, etc.

Question 18

Behavioral response (emotion)

Answer 18

Changes in facial expression or body language.

Question 19

Cognitive response (emotion)

Answer 19

Subjective interpretation of emotion.

Question 20

Paul Ekman Claim to Fame

Answer 20

Universal emotions

Question 21

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 21

A stimulus results in physiological arousal which leads to a secondary response where the emotion is identified. “I must be scared because my hands are trembling” DISPROVEN

Question 22

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 22

Like the James-Lang theory but conscious experience of emotion and physiological reaction occurs simultaneously. INCOMPLETE

Question 23

Schachter- Singer Theory of Emotion (Cognitive Arousal Theory OR Two-Factor Theory)

Answer 23

Two factors (cognitive and physiological) are needed to experience emotion. Features cognitive appraisal (analysis of surroundings).

Question 24

Cognitive Appraisal

Answer 24

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress. Consists of two stages.

Question 25

Primary appraisal (stress)

Answer 25

Initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat. (external)

Question 26

Secondary appraisal (stress)

Answer 26

Evaluating whether an organism can cope with stress. Evaluates harm, future threat, and challenge & reward (internal)

Question 27

Stressor

Answer 27

Biological element, external condition, or events that lead to stress.

Question 28

Distress VS Eustress

Answer 28

Distress - Potential to cause harm (injuries, demands, obnoxious stimuli)
Eustress - Potential to cause pleasure (getting married, graduation)

Question 29

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 29

3 Distinct Stages of Stress Response
Alarm - Initial reaction to stressor. Secretion of hormones like adrenaline.
Resistance - Continued secretion of hormones to maintain arousal.
Exhaustion - Exhaustion from continued secretion of hormones and sharp decline in arousal.