Chapter 5 - Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards
Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic - Showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment.
Intrinsic - Driven by interest or enjoyment.
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Certain behaviors are based on evolutionarily programmed instinct.
William McDougal Claim to Fame
Instinct theory
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Individuals perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. Performance is worse at extremely high and low levels of arousal.
Drives Reduction Theory of Motivation
Centers around maintaining homeostasis. Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.
Drives
Internal state of tension that activate behaviors focused on goals.
Primary Drives
Bottom row on Maslow’s hierarchy.
Secondary Drives
Higher levels on Maslows hierarchy.
Need-based Theories of Motivation
Energy and resources are allocated to best satisfy human needs. Think Maslow’s hierarchy
Self-determination theory.
3 universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Incentive Theory
Behavior motivated by desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment.
Opponent Process Theory
Every behavior has an effective balance.
Ex:
When drug users first use drugs, there is high pleasure (A process) and low withdrawal symptoms (B process). As time goes on the A process decreases and the B process increases.
Sexual Motivation Theory
Physiologically, sexual motivation is based on the secretion of hormones, however, cultural norms and conditioning influence sexual motivation.
Emotion
Natural instinctive state of mind derived from a circumstance.
3 Elements of Emotion
Physiological, behavioral, and cognitive.
Physiological response (emotion)
Changes in physiology including BP, heart rate, temperature, etc.
Behavioral response (emotion)
Changes in facial expression or body language.
Cognitive response (emotion)
Subjective interpretation of emotion.
Paul Ekman Claim to Fame
Universal emotions
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
A stimulus results in physiological arousal which leads to a secondary response where the emotion is identified. “I must be scared because my hands are trembling” DISPROVEN
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Like the James-Lang theory but conscious experience of emotion and physiological reaction occurs simultaneously. INCOMPLETE
Schachter- Singer Theory of Emotion (Cognitive Arousal Theory OR Two-Factor Theory)
Two factors (cognitive and physiological) are needed to experience emotion. Features cognitive appraisal (analysis of surroundings).
Cognitive Appraisal
Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress. Consists of two stages.
Primary appraisal (stress)
Initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat. (external)
Secondary appraisal (stress)
Evaluating whether an organism can cope with stress. Evaluates harm, future threat, and challenge & reward (internal)
Stressor
Biological element, external condition, or events that lead to stress.
Distress VS Eustress
Distress - Potential to cause harm (injuries, demands, obnoxious stimuli)
Eustress - Potential to cause pleasure (getting married, graduation)
General Adaptation Syndrome
3 Distinct Stages of Stress Response
Alarm - Initial reaction to stressor. Secretion of hormones like adrenaline.
Resistance - Continued secretion of hormones to maintain arousal.
Exhaustion - Exhaustion from continued secretion of hormones and sharp decline in arousal.
