Chapter 1 - Biology and Behavior Flashcards
Forebrain (term)
Proencephalon
Proencephalon (parts)
Telencephalon, diencephalon
Midbrain (term)
Mesensephalon
Hindbrain (term)
Rhombencephalon
Rhombencephalon (parts)
Metensephalon, myelencephalon
Cerebral cortex (function)
(F) Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes.
Basal ganglia (function, contains)
(F) Movement
Contains: extrapyramidal system
Limbic system (function, contains)
(F) Emotion and memory
Contains: septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex.
Thalamus (function)
(F) Sensory relay for sight, touch, hearing, and taste.
Hypothalamus (function)
(F) Hunger, thirst, emotion, sexual function (4 F’s Fighting, Flighting, Feeding, F*cking)
Inferior and superior colliculi (function)
(M) Sensorimotor reflexes
Cerebellum (function)
(H) Refined motor movements, balance
Medulla oblongata (function)
(H) Heartbeat, breathing, BP. Vital reflexes (vomiting, coughing)
Reticular formation (function)
(H) Arousal and alertness
Pons (function)
Communication within the brain, breathing
Lateral hypothalamus (function)
Hunger and thirst center. Signals brain to eat or drink.
Ventromedial hypothalamus (function)
Satiety Center. Signals the brain to stop eating or drinking.
Anterior hypothalamus (function)
Controls sexual behavior, regulates sleep and body temperature
Posterior pituitary gland (function)
Releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin.
Pineal gland (function)
Melatonin secretion and circadian rhythm
Septal nuclei (function)
Primary pleasure center of the brain
Amygdala (function)
Fear and rage center
Hippocampus (function)
Learning and memory center. Helps consolidate information to form long-term memories.
Prefrontal cortex (function)
(frontal lobe) Manages executive function. Associates with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long term planning
Motor cortex (function)
(frontal lobe) Initiate voluntary motor movements.
Brocas area (function)
(frontal lobe) speech production
Somatosensory cortex (function)
(parietal lobe) responsible for somatosensory information processing (pain, temperature, pressure, etc)
Visual (AKA striate cortex) (function)
(occipital lobe) Sensation and perception of visual information.
Auditory cortex (function)
(temporal lobe) Sensation an perception of sound.
Wernickes area (function)
(temporal lobe) associated with language processing, emotion, and comprehension.
Dominant hemisphere (usually left) (function)
Analytics, logic, math, Brocas area, Wernicke’s area
Nondominant hemisphere (usually right) (function)
Intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing
Anterior singulate cortex
Higher-order cognitive processes (regulation of impulse control, decision making)
Agonist vs Antagonist
Agonist: Drug mimicking action of a neurotransmitter.
Antagonist: Drug-blocking action of a neurotransmitter.
Acetylcholine
Transmits nerve impulses to muscles. Can be excitatory or inhibitory. Linked to attention and arousal in the CNS.
Catecholamines (3 types)
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Involved in alertness, primary sympathetic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine = local
Epinephrine = systemic
Low vs high levels of epinephrine
Low = depression
High = anxiety/mania
Dopamine
Plays a role in movement, posture, and pleasure. Found high concentrations in the basal ganglia.
Low vs high levels of dopamine
High/oversensitive dopamine receptors = Schizophrenia, addiction
Low = Parkinson’s
Serotonin
Monoamine, plays a role in mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming.
Low vs high levels of serotonin
High = mania
Low = depression
GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid. Stabilizes neuronal activity by hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic membrane.
Glycine
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Hyperpolarizes postsynaptic membrane by increasing chloride influx into the neuron.
Glutamate
Excitatory neurotransmitter.
Endorphins
Neuropeptides (related to enkephalins), that mimic morphine and opioids (painkillers).
Anterior Pituitary Gland Function
“master gland” releases hormones that regulate all endocrine glands. Controlled by the hypothalamus.
FLAT PEG
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Leutinizing Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
TSH
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth Hormone
Adrenal Glands (parts)
Made of the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine/ norepinephrine synthesis and secretion
Adrenal cortex
Synthesis of corticosteroids including cortisol, and sex hormones.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Hypothalamus)
Regulates circadian rhythm. Sends impulses to the pineal gland for melatonin secretion.
