Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kaplan Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 2 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory and other information in to a neural impulse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Perception

A

Processing of sensory information in the CNS and categorizing it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Distal vs Proxima Stimuli

A

Distal Stimuli = Stimuli that emit proximal stimuli but are NOT directly sensed.
Proximal Stimuli = Stimuli that is directly sensed (sight, touch, thermosensation, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum level of stimuli needed to fire nerve impulses and cause sensation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Threshold of conscious perception

A

Level of intensity that must occur to be consciously perceived by the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Threshold of subliminal perception

A

Level of intensity that must occur to be received by the CNS but not consciously perceived.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difference Threshold/ Just Noticeable Difference

A

Magnitude of the difference between two stimuli needed to be perceived as different from each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Webbers Law

A

Calculation for the JND.
Change in Stimulus / Original Magnitude

Example:
440Hz and 443Hz
3/440 = 0.68%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Internal and external factors influence on perception thresholds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signal Detection Theory Testing

A

Noise Trial = Stimulus
Catch Trial = No stimulus

Hit = Stimulus identified
Miss = Stimulus ignored
False Alarm = Absence of stimulus misidentified.
Correct Negative = Absence of stimulus identified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adaptation

A

Decrease in the perception of constant stimulus over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sclera

A

Whites of eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Eye Blood Supply

A

Coroidal and retinal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Retina

A

Contains rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cornea

A

Clear dome at the front of the eye
that gathers and focuses light on on the pupil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anterior Chamber (eye)

A

Between the cornea and the iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Posterior Chamber (eye)

A

Between the iris and the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of the eye consisting of dilator and constrictor pupillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Choroid

A

Vascular layer of the eye, provides nutrients to the retina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Production of aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

Front part of the eye, drains into canal of Schlemm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Rear part of the eye, supports the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lens

A

Controls refraction of light onto the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing of lens shape by the ciliary muscle to change focus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Duplicity Theory of Vision

A

Existence of light/dark detection and color detection (rods and cones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rods

A

Light/ dark detection. Highly sensitive to photons. Contain ONE pigment, rhodopsin.

27
Q

Macula

A

Central section of the retina that contains cones.

28
Q

Fovea

A

Middle of the macula that contains only cones. Region of highest visual acuity.

29
Q

Optic Disk

A

Region that has no rods or cones where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

30
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

Cells directly synapsed to multiple rods and cones that carry information on to the ganglion cells.

31
Q

Ganglion Cells (eye)

A

Cells that are synapsed to multiple bipolar cells. Axons of which form the optic nerve.

32
Q

Pathway of light perception (cornea to visual cortex)

A

Cornea
Pupil
Lens
Retina (rods and cones)
Bipolar Cells
Ganglion Cells
Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasm
Optic Tract
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Visual Cortex (occipital lobe)

33
Q

Amacrine and Horizontal Cells

A

Recieve input from multiple retinal cells in the same region. Accentuates differences between visual information in each bipolar cell and contributes to contrast detection.

34
Q

Temporal vs Nasal Retinal Fibers

A

Temporal = Runs on the outer edge. No crossover
Nasal = Runs on the inner edge. Crossover at the optic chiasm.

35
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Located in the Thalamus, receives and transmits visual signals from the optic nerves to the visual cortex.

36
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Ability to process multiple aspects of stimuli at once. Color, shape, form, motion.

37
Q

Parvocellular cells

A

Cells in the LGN with high color and detail acuity, but poor temporal (motion) resolution.

38
Q

Magnocellular cells

A

Cells in the LGN with high motion detection but poor detail resolution.

39
Q

Binocular Neurons

A

Neurons in the visual cortex that are responsible for depth perception.

40
Q

Feature Detection

A

Parallel recognition of color, form, motion, etc. information to identify stimuli.

41
Q

Pinna/ Auricle

A

Outer ear, channels sound into the inner ear.

42
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Receives sound input from the external auditory canal.

43
Q

Malleus

A

Hammer bone connected to the tympanic membrane and the incus

44
Q

Incus

A

Anvil bone connected to the malleus and stapes

45
Q

Stapes

A

stirrup bone connected to the incus and the oval window

46
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A

Outer hollow region in the temporal bone housing in the membranous labyrinth.

47
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

Continuous collection of tubes and chambers responsible for hearing and equilibrium.

48
Q

Endolymph

A

Potassium-rich fluid in the membranous labyrinth.

49
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid that transmits and protects inner ear structures.

50
Q

Cochlea

A

Spiral-shaped organ responsible for hearing. Contains stereocilia.

51
Q

Vestibule

A

Contains the utricle and saccule.

52
Q

Utricle and Saccule

A

Detects linear acceleration using otoliths.

53
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Detects rotational acceleration.

54
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Auditory relay from vestibulocochlear nerve to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

55
Q

Inferior Colliculus Role in Hearing

A

Startle reflex and vestibulo-ocular reflex (eye following)

56
Q

Sound Pathway (Auricle to Auditory Cortex)

A

Pinna
External Auditory Canal
Tympanic Membrane
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Oval Window
Perylimph in Cochlea
Basilar Membrane
Hair Cells
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Brainstem
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Auditory Cortex

57
Q

Smell Pathway (Nose to Limbic System)

A

Nasal passages
Olfactory Epithelium
Olfactory Nerves
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory Tract
Limbic System and Higher Order Brain Regions

58
Q

Taste Pathway

A

Chemoreceptors on Taste Buds
Brainstem
Taste Center (Thalamus)
Higher order Brain Regions

59
Q

Somatosensation Receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure, vibration)
Meissner corpuscles (light touch)
Merkel Disks (deep pressure, texture)
Ruffini Endings (stretch)
Free Nerve Endings (pain and temperature)

60
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

Proprioception, ability to tell where one’s body is in space.

61
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

Data driven detection by parallel processing and feature detection. Longer but less error prone.

62
Q

Top Down Processing

A

Memory and expectation driven. Quick but error prone.

63
Q

Perceptual Organization

A

Using bottom up and top down processing together to get a more rounded understanding.

64
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

General rules for completing incomplete stimuli.
Proximity, similarity, good continuation, subjective contours, closure.

Kaplan Behavioral Sciences (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions