Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Decrease in response to a stimulus after prolonged exposure

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

Recovery of response to a stimulus after habituation has occured

Question 3

Associative Learning (2 types)

Answer 3

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

Answer 4

Associations between unrelated stimuli (Pavlov)

Question 5

Operant Conditioning

Answer 5

Consequences of voluntary behaviors change frequency of those behaviors (punishments vs reinforcement)

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

Turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

Loss of a conditioned response

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

production of weak conditioned response after extinction

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

Broadening of acceptance criteria for a conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

Distinguishing between similar stimuli to produce a conditioned response.

Question 11

Reinforcement

Answer 11

Increases behavior

Question 12

Escape Learning

Answer 12

Displaying desired behavior to remove unwanted stimulus

Question 13

Avoidance Learning

Answer 13

Displaying desired behavior in anticipation of an unwanted stimulus

Question 14

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 14

Rewards that feed biological needs (water, food, sex)

Question 15

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 15

Rewards that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer. (Money, grades, success, status)

Question 16

Punishment

Answer 16

Reduces occurrence of behavior.

Question 17

Aversive Conditioning

Answer 17

Positive punishment

Question 18

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

Answer 18

Reinforcement after every behavior or after every (x) time of behavior.

Question 19

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

Answer 19

Reinforcement at various random performances of behavior.

Question 20

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

Answer 20

Reinforcement of at a fixed interval.

Question 21

Variable Interval Reinforcement

Answer 21

Reinforcement at variable intervals.

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

Rewarding increasingly similar behavior close to a desired behavior.

Question 23

Latent Learning

Answer 23

Learning that occurs without a reward but can be spontaneously demonstrated when a reward is introduced.

Question 24

Preparedness

Answer 24

Evolutionary predisposition to learn a behavior. (pecking for birds)

Question 25

Instinctive Drift

Answer 25

Reverting to instinctual behavior that abandons a learned behavior.

Question 26

Observational Learning

Answer 26

Learning new behaviors by observation. (Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll)

Question 27

Mirror Neurons

Answer 27

Neurons that are located in the frontal and parietal lobes that fire when individuals copy an observed action. (monkey see, monkey do)

Question 28

Modeling

Answer 28

Teaching a behavior by example

Question 29

Encoding

Answer 29

Putting information into memory

Question 30

Automatic processing

Answer 30

Passive learning

Question 31

Controlled processing

Answer 31

Active learning

Question 32

Elaborative encoding

Answer 32

Linking knowledge to already learned

Question 33

Semantic encoding

Answer 33

Linking knowledge by putting it into context

Question 34

Self-reference Effect

Answer 34

Linking knowledge by putting it into context of own life

Question 35

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 35

Repetition if information to commit to memory.

Question 36

Method of Loci

Answer 36

Associating items based on location

Question 37

Peg-Word System

Answer 37

Associating items based on rhymes or resemblance

Question 38

Chunking (clustering)

Answer 38

Grouping of items in order to memorize them better (think FLAT PEG)

Question 39

Sensory Memory

Answer 39

Memory based on senses (<1 sec)

Question 40

Short Term Memory

Answer 40

Short memory (<1 sec)

Question 41

Working Memory

Answer 41

Part of short-term memory. Allows for the storage of memory long enough for manipulation. (Mental math, puzzles, etc)

Question 42

Long-Term Memory (2 parts)

Answer 42

Explicit (declarative memory) and implicit (nondeclarative/procedural)

Question 43

Explicit Memory

Answer 43

Declarative memory, made of episodic memory (events, experiances) and semantic memory (facts, concepts)

Question 44

Priming

Answer 44

Presentation of one stimulus affects the following ones

Question 45

Positive Priming

Answer 45

Exposure to first stimulus enhances processing of the following ones.

Question 46

Negative Priming

Answer 46

Exposure to the first stimulus

Question 47

Recall

Answer 47

Ability to retrieve memories at will

Question 48

Recognition

Answer 48

Identifying learned information (easier than recall)

Question 49

Semantic Network

Answer 49

Concepts linked together.

Question 50

Context Effect

Answer 50

Memory recall is aided by being in the same location as when the information as learned.

Question 51

State-dependent Memory

Answer 51

Enhanced recall being in the same state as when the information was learned (sober, high, drunk, tired, etc)

Question 52

Serial position effect

Answer 52

Items at the beginning and end are recalled more clearly.

Question 53

Confabulation

Answer 53

Creating vivid but fabricated memories to fill in the forgotten information.

Question 54

Agnosia

Answer 54

Failure to recognize objects, people, or sounds. Usually a result of physical damage to the brain.

Question 55

Proactive Interference

Answer 55

Old information interferes with learning of new information.

Question 56

Retroactive Interference

Answer 56

New information interferes with recall of old information.

Question 57

Prospective Memory

Answer 57

Remembering to do things in the future (event-based vs time-based)

Question 58

Reproductive Memory

Answer 58

Factual and unbiased memory

Question 59

Reconstructive Memory

Answer 59

Memory that is biased by imagination, semantic memory, and perception.

Question 60

False Memory

Answer 60

Memory that never occurred.

Question 61

Recovered Memory

Answer 61

Repressed memory that is remembered.

Question 62

Misinformation Effect

Answer 62

Recall affected by injection of outside information into the memory.

Question 63

Intrusion Errors

Answer 63

Recall affected by merging of two memories due to common themes.

Question 64

Source-Monitoring Error

Answer 64

Confusion between episodic and semantic memory resulting in memories that happened to someone else appearing to have happened to oneself.

Question 65

Neuroplasticity

Answer 65

Adaptive quality of the brain allowing for rewiring.

Question 66

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 66

Pruning of weak connections to favor strong ones.

Question 67

Long-term Potentiation

Answer 67

Strengthening of neural connections through repeated use.