Chapter 8 - Sex & Marriage Flashcards
marriage
A culturally sanctioned union between 2 or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limited to, sex, labor, property, child-rearing, exchange and status.
consanguineal kin
Biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives, or relatives by birth
affinal kin
people related by marriage
incest taboo
The prohibition of sexual contact between certain close relatives, usually parent-child and sibling relations at a minimum.
endogamy
marriage within a particular group or category of individuals
exogamy
marriage outside the group
monogamy
Marriage in which both partners have just one spouse
serial monogamy
A marriage form in which an individual marries or lives with a series of partners in succession (both partners have just one spouse)
polygamy
An individual having multiple spouses at the same time; from the Greek words poly(many) and gamous(marriage)
polygyny
Marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time; a form of polygamy.
polyandry
Marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time; a form of polygamy.
group marriage
Marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to each other, also called co-marriage.
fictive marriage
Marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heir.
parallel cousins
The child of a father’s brother or a mother’s sister.
cross cousins
The child of a mother’s brother or father’s sister.
bridewealth
The money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride’s family upon marriage; also called bride-price.
bride service
A designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride’s family.
dowry
Payment of a woman’s inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband.
One of the positive side effects of restrictive rules of sexual behavior is the limited impact of _________________ on these societies.
HIV/AIDS
Sex outside marriage was traditionally considered ___________.
taboo
For the _________, marriage is of marginal significance as compared with wealthy ________ nations.
Nayar; European
Institutionalized instinctive repulsion is not enough to explain_______________________.
incest taboo
Political alliances and economic activities are promoted by _________________________.
exogamy
In 1972, England changed its laws concerning_________ to accommodate immigrants who practice____________.
marriage; polygamy
Marriage by proxy is also referred to as___________.
fictive marriage
Since a family loses the labor of their daughter when she marries, they often recoup the loss by exacting a ________ on the groom by having him work for them.
bride service
Men typically practice _____ in order to afford the family services that a wife provides.
serial monogamy
In contrast to __________, which is a personal affair, marriage is a culturally recognized right involving legal and social obligations.
mating
_____________________ must abandon their female gender identity and behave as male husbands.
Female husbands
Men who marry their father’s brother’s daughter are practicing _______, a form of marriage that has been historically favored by Arabs, ancient Israelites and ancient Greeks.
patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage
A Hopi woman can __________ her husband by placing his possessions outside the door of their home,
divorce
What are the main arguments commonly cited against same-sex marriages?
1) The function of marriage is to produce children
2) Marriage has always been between males & females
3) Homosexual behavior is unnatural
In the 21st century, the most common form of marriage is _______________, but the most preferred form of marriage is___________________.
monogamy; polygyny
Each individual among the Trobriand Islanders must marry outside of his or her clan and lineage is a primary example of:
exogamy
The formation of sexual bonds between individuals of the opposite sex is called
mating
According to the Original Study on “Arranging Marriage in India” that appears in the Haviland textbook, what is an important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage?
social clubs
Incest taboos may help to promote:
stability of the family.
Marriage to more than one husband is:
polyandry
The woman/woman marriage custom in sub-Saharan Africa does what?
1) enables a woman without sons to inherit a share of her husband’s property
2) confers legitimacy on the children of a woman who has been unable to find a husband
3) enables a woman who adopts a male identity to raise her status
4) enables a woman who is the wife of the female husband to raise her status and live a more secure life.
According to a study published in 2011, it is estimated that in the US, some _________% of marriages end in divorce?
40%
Why did laws against first cousin marriage appear in the US in the mid-1800s?
1) A pre-Darwinian model of social evolution that was dependent on biological factors was fashionable
2) “Progress from slavery to civilization” was possible when people stopped inbreeding
3) Cousin marriages were thought to be a characteristic of savagery
4) Because too many women were dying in childbirth
