Chapter 8 - Sex & Marriage

Question 1

marriage

Answer 1

A culturally sanctioned union between 2 or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limited to, sex, labor, property, child-rearing, exchange and status.

Question 2

consanguineal kin

Answer 2

Biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives, or relatives by birth

Question 3

affinal kin

Answer 3

people related by marriage

Question 4

incest taboo

Answer 4

The prohibition of sexual contact between certain close relatives, usually parent-child and sibling relations at a minimum.

Question 5

endogamy

Answer 5

marriage within a particular group or category of individuals

Question 6

exogamy

Answer 6

marriage outside the group

Question 7

monogamy

Answer 7

Marriage in which both partners have just one spouse

Question 8

serial monogamy

Answer 8

A marriage form in which an individual marries or lives with a series of partners in succession (both partners have just one spouse)

Question 9

polygamy

Answer 9

An individual having multiple spouses at the same time; from the Greek words poly(many) and gamous(marriage)

Question 10

polygyny

Answer 10

Marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time; a form of polygamy.

Question 11

polyandry

Answer 11

Marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time; a form of polygamy.

Question 12

group marriage

Answer 12

Marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to each other, also called co-marriage.

Question 13

fictive marriage

Answer 13

Marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heir.

Question 14

parallel cousins

Answer 14

The child of a father’s brother or a mother’s sister.

Question 15

cross cousins

Answer 15

The child of a mother’s brother or father’s sister.

Question 16

bridewealth

Answer 16

The money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride’s family upon marriage; also called bride-price.

Question 17

bride service

Answer 17

A designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride’s family.

Question 18

dowry

Answer 18

Payment of a woman’s inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband.

Question 19

One of the positive side effects of restrictive rules of sexual behavior is the limited impact of _________________ on these societies.

Answer 19

HIV/AIDS

Question 20

Sex outside marriage was traditionally considered ___________.

Answer 20

taboo

Question 21

For the _________, marriage is of marginal significance as compared with wealthy ________ nations.

Answer 21

Nayar; European

Question 22

Institutionalized instinctive repulsion is not enough to explain_______________________.

Answer 22

incest taboo

Question 23

Political alliances and economic activities are promoted by _________________________.

Answer 23

exogamy

Question 24

In 1972, England changed its laws concerning_________ to accommodate immigrants who practice____________.

Answer 24

marriage; polygamy

Question 25

Marriage by proxy is also referred to as___________.

Answer 25

fictive marriage

Question 26

Since a family loses the labor of their daughter when she marries, they often recoup the loss by exacting a ________ on the groom by having him work for them.

Answer 26

bride service

Question 27

Men typically practice _____ in order to afford the family services that a wife provides.

Answer 27

serial monogamy

Question 28

In contrast to __________, which is a personal affair, marriage is a culturally recognized right involving legal and social obligations.

Answer 28

mating

Question 29

_____________________ must abandon their female gender identity and behave as male husbands.

Answer 29

Female husbands

Question 30

Men who marry their father’s brother’s daughter are practicing _______, a form of marriage that has been historically favored by Arabs, ancient Israelites and ancient Greeks.

Answer 30

patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage

Question 31

A Hopi woman can __________ her husband by placing his possessions outside the door of their home,

Answer 31

divorce

Question 32

What are the main arguments commonly cited against same-sex marriages?

Answer 32

1) The function of marriage is to produce children
2) Marriage has always been between males & females
3) Homosexual behavior is unnatural

Question 33

In the 21st century, the most common form of marriage is _______________, but the most preferred form of marriage is___________________.

Answer 33

monogamy; polygyny

Question 34

Each individual among the Trobriand Islanders must marry outside of his or her clan and lineage is a primary example of:

Answer 34

exogamy

Question 35

The formation of sexual bonds between individuals of the opposite sex is called

Answer 35

mating

Question 36

According to the Original Study on “Arranging Marriage in India” that appears in the Haviland textbook, what is an important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage?

Answer 36

social clubs

Question 37

Incest taboos may help to promote:

Answer 37

stability of the family.

Question 38

Marriage to more than one husband is:

Answer 38

polyandry

Question 39

The woman/woman marriage custom in sub-Saharan Africa does what?

Answer 39

1) enables a woman without sons to inherit a share of her husband’s property
2) confers legitimacy on the children of a woman who has been unable to find a husband
3) enables a woman who adopts a male identity to raise her status
4) enables a woman who is the wife of the female husband to raise her status and live a more secure life.

Question 40

According to a study published in 2011, it is estimated that in the US, some _________% of marriages end in divorce?

Answer 40

40%

Question 41

Why did laws against first cousin marriage appear in the US in the mid-1800s?

Answer 41

1) A pre-Darwinian model of social evolution that was dependent on biological factors was fashionable
2) “Progress from slavery to civilization” was possible when people stopped inbreeding
3) Cousin marriages were thought to be a characteristic of savagery
4) Because too many women were dying in childbirth