Chapter 12 - Politics, Power & Violence Flashcards
A relatively small and loosely organized kin-group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent.
band
The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants and wishes.
power
The process of determining who gets what, when and how.
politics
The way power, as the capacity to do something, is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder.
political organization
In anthropology, refers to a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share common ancestry, identity, culture, language and territory.
tribe
A politically organized society in which several neighboring communities inhabiting a territory are united under a single ruler (commonly known as chief).
chiefdom
A political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory.
state
A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base and history.
nation
Claiming and exercising power as justified by law or custom or tradition,
authority
Imposition of obedience or submission by force or intimidation.
coercion
The right of political leaders to govern-to hold, use and allocate power-on the socially accepted customs, rules, or laws that bind and hold a people together as a collective whole.
legitimacy
Control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of the individual.
cultural control
A person’s capacity to manage his or her spontaneous feelings, restraining impulsive behavior.
self-control
External control through open coercion.
social control
An externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms.
sanction
Formal rules of conduct that, when violated, effectuate negative sanctions.
law
The physical extermination of one people by another, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others.
genocide
A contract or formally binding agreement between two or more groups that are independent and self-governing political groups such as tribes, chiefdoms, and states.
treaty
The use of direct argument and compromise by the parties to a dispute to arrive voluntarily at a mutually satisfactory agreement.
negotiation
Settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party.
mediation
Mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision.
ajudication
Political Organization: Centralization: uncentralized Pop size: dozens Stratification: egalitarian Subsistence: forging; other nomads Leadership: consensus; headman
band
Political Organization: Centralization: uncentralized Pop size: hundreds Stratification: egalitarian Subsistence: herding and cultivation Leadership: informal; "Big Man"
tribe
Political Organization: Centralization: centralized Pop size: thousands Stratification: ranked by kin Subsistence: agriculture Leadership: formal; chief
chiefdom
Political Organization:
centralization: centralized
Pop size: tens of thousands, plus
Stratification: ranked by class or caste
Subsistence: intensive agriculture, industrialization
Leadership: authority in bureaucracy, formal leaders
state
Political organization is
d) found in all culture types.
The kind of political organization that a nomadic foraging society would be most likely to have is
a) a band
Political organization refers to the way
c) power is distributed in a society.
Two types of uncentralized political systems are
c) band and tribe
Two types of centralized political systems are
b) chiefdom and state
Among the Ju/’hoansi, a leader of the band derives his or her position from
d) group consensus
The way Pashtun leaders resolve conflicts and conduct politics is an example of a
a) chiefdom-ordered
The Kapauku “tonowi” or “Big Man” gains his authority by being
a) male, wealthy, generous and eloquent
A paramount chief holds his leadership position
d) for life
One of the world’s true “nation-states,” a political state that is home to a single cultural nation, is
d) Swaziland
An uncentralized political system that claims “legitimacy” usually relies on
c) loyalty
According to the video, the self-censorship practiced by some Internet users in mainland China, who are tying to avoid social pressure from neighbors or government interference by voluntarily not searching for controversial topics online, seems to function as a form of
a) internalized control
Religions are used to legitimize political structures and leadership
d) in a wide range of societies.
A cross-cultural comparison of systems of political organizations reveals that
d) women may play an important role in political decisions even when they are not visible public leaders.
A method of resolving disputes in which the disputing parties voluntarily arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement is called
a) negotiation
“Alternative” dispute resolution (ADR) is used as an alternative to what?
d) a formal court trial
In medieval Europe, how was religion involved in politics?
b) for a wide variety or economic and social reasons
The most powerful female head of state in history was probably
c) Queen Victoria of Great Britian
Among the Igbo of Nigeria, women
a) have a parallel political structure equal to that of men.
Sanctions are used as externalized social controls
b) in all societies.
Gossip can be considered an example of
d) social and cultural control
How can religious beliefs legitimize political power?
c) They can reinforce the belief in the divine right of rulers.
Which cultures or nations have a dual-sex government system?
c) the Igbo of Nigeria.
How has modern technology affected warfare?
b) Technology has impersonalized war by allowing it to be conducted at a distance.
According to anthropologist William Ury
a) conflict is inevitable
War
c) in contemporary times is often waged by modern states upon nations within their own borders.
Which of the following is NOT a cause for warfare:
a) territorial boundaries
b) the belief that everything happens for a reason
c) lack of access to natural resources
d) spreading one’s own worldview
b) the belief that everything happens for a reason
The Chinese government’s violent response to the 1989 student protests in Tiananmen Square represented
a) a loss of legitimacy for the communist government.
The relationship of sanctions to law is that
a) every law is also a sanction
