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Anthro > chapter 13 - Religion & Spirituality > Flashcards

chapter 13 - Religion & Spirituality Flashcards

1
Q

The collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their relality

A

worldview

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2
Q

An organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associates ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control.

A

religion

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3
Q

Concern with the sacred, as distinguished from material matters. In contrast to religion, spirituality is often individual rather than collective and does not require a distinctive format or traditional organization.

A

spirituality

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4
Q

a sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence-where we and everything in our world came from, why we are here, and where we are going.

A

myth

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5
Q

Belief in only one supremely powerful divinity as creator and mater of the universe.

A

monotheism

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6
Q

Belief in several gods and/or goddesses, as contrasted with monotheism-belief in one god or goddess.

A

polytheism

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7
Q

All the gods or goddesses of a people.

A

pantheon

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8
Q

The belief that nature is enlivened or energized by distinct personalized spirit beings separable from bodies.

A

animism

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9
Q

The belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an impersonal spiritual power or supernatural energy, which may make itself manifest in any special place, thing, living creature.

A

animatism

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10
Q

A full-time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role in guiding the religious practices of others and for contacting and influencing supernatural powers.

A

priest or priestess

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11
Q

A principle of leadership in which divine authority is passed down from a spiritual founding figure, such as a prophet or saint,to a chain of successors.

A

spiritual lineage

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12
Q

A person who enters into an altered state of consciousness-at will-to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge, power, and to help others.

A

shaman

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13
Q

A culturally prescribed symbolic act or procedure designed to guide members of a community in an orderly way through personal and collective transitions.

A

ritual

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14
Q

Culturally prescribed avoidance involving ritual prohibitions, which, if not observed, lead to supernatural punishment.

A

taboo

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15
Q

A symbolic act carried out by an individual or group to establish or restore purity when someone has violated a taboo or is otherwise unclean.

A

rite of purification

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16
Q

A ritual that marks an important stage in an individual’s life cycle, such as birth, marriage and death. It features three phases: separation, transitions and incorporation.

A

rite of passage

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17
Q

A ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the group and serves to bind individuals together.

A

rite of intensification

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18
Q

Specific formulas and actions used to compel supernatural powers to act in certain ways for good or evil purposes

A

magic

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19
Q

Magic based on the principle that like produces like; sometimes called sympathetic magic.

A

imitative magic

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20
Q

Magic based on the principle that things or persons once in contact can influence each other after the contact is broken.

A

contagious magic

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21
Q

Magic rituals intended to cause misfortune or inflict harm.

A

witchcraft

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22
Q

A magical procedure or spiritual ritual designed to find out about what is not knowable by ordinary means, such as foretelling the future by interpreting omens.

A

divination

23
Q

A devotion in motion. Traveling, often on foot, to a sacred or holy site to reach for enlightenment, prove devotion, and/or experience a miracle.

A

pilgrimage

24
Q

Ideologically inspired violation of a sacred site intended to inflict harm, if only symbolically, on people judged to have impure, false, or even evil beliefs and ritual practices.

A

desecration

25
Q

A movement for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption and collective feelings of great stress and despair.

A

revitalization movement

26
Q

The creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms.

A

syncretism

27
Q

A process of cultural change in which a population tends toward a nonreligious worldview, ignoring or rejecting institutionalized spiritual beliefs and rituals.

A

secularization

28
Q

Generally speaking, religion deals with an organized system of __________ and practices of a society. But ______ is concerned about the sacred and about the extraordinary world, much more on a(n)___________ level, so people may not be part of a religious organization. Both play a role in ______________.

A

beliefs, spirituality, individual, shaping reality.

29
Q

Revitalization movements are attempted for radical cultural_________ in response to widespread social disruption. The typical sequence in the development of a revitalization movement begins with the imposition of a source of anxiety, such as economic disaster or domination by a more powerful group, causing increasing individual _________ and despair. The society is them ripe for the introduction and success or a dynamic cult, which will succeed or fail based on its compatibility with reality.

A

reform, stress

30
Q

From the anthropological perspective, religion is an attempt to deal with serious problems that normal solutions cannot solve by calling on ________ beings and powers for assistance.

A

ancestral

31
Q

Although the practices and belief systems vary widely across cultures, some form of ____________ has been found in all known cultures, because it serves similar functions in all societies. For example, it helps reinforce group norms as part of a culture’s system of social _________; it provides much of the _________ that explains the universe and the people’s role in it; and through its ___________. it helps educate the young.

A

religion, control, worldview, rituals

32
Q

In many cultures, religious duties are performed by _________. They can intercede with the spirit world through ___________ and _________.

A

shamans, trances, mental wanderings.

33
Q

Anthropologists are interested in __________ and __________ because they reflect cultural norms of proper behavior and spiritual cleansing.

A

taboos, purification rites.

34
Q

If you are Catholic, you want to go to Rome and visit St.Peter’s; if you are Muslim, you want to go to Mecca; if you are Jewish, you want to pray at the Temple Wall in Jerusalem; and if you are Buddhist or Hindu, you are off to Mount Kailash in Tibet. Anthropologists call this devotion in motion, but participants call it a _______________.

A

pilgrimage

35
Q

According to the “barrel model” or culture, religion

A

a) is part of superstructure.

36
Q

The current anthropological definition of religion cross-culturally says that it is

A

d) a set of beliefs and behaviors concerning the spiritual sphere or the supernatural.

37
Q

Islamic fundamentalism in Iran and Christian fundamentalism in the United States demonstrate that

A

d) religion is still a powerful and dynamic force in those societies.

38
Q

An example of a rite of passage is

A

a) a wedding

39
Q

Magic

A

b) is practiced in many contemporary situations of uncertainty.

40
Q

Belief in _________ is found in societies in which women make a major contribution to the economy and are relatively equal to men in power and authority.

A

d) goddesses

41
Q

The major difference between animism and animatism has to do with whether the supernatural entity is

A

a) a personal being or and impersonal power.

42
Q

Ceremonies that help the group cope together with a crisis, such as an epidemic, are rites of

A

c) intensification

43
Q

A __________ is a full-time religious specialist who occupies an office with a certain rank and function.

A

b) priest

44
Q

Many magical incantations require the use of hair or fingernail clippings of the intended victim. This is an example of:

A

b) contagious magic

45
Q

A belief in ____ enables people to explain why things go wrong by blaming certain individuals who are said to have internal psychic ability to cause harm to other.

A

a) witchcraft

46
Q

A rabbit’s foot in Western culture, or Luke Skywalker telling Han Solo, “May the force be with you.” may be used as examples of ___________, the supernatural force associated with animatism.

A

c) mana

47
Q

Religion, magic, and witch craft are all similar in which ways?

A

d) They all provide explanations of events and are mechanisms of social control.

48
Q

Which of the following is NOT a role played by religion?

a) It takes the place of science in framing the people’s worldview.
b) It creates a sense of uneasiness and discord.
c) It reduces group anxiety during times of crisis.
d) It contributes to maintaining social control.

A

b) It creates a sense of uneasiness and discord.

49
Q

Comparison of religious activity in most Western societies with that in most food-foraging societies show that:

A

d) food foragers are more likely to include religious activity in their daily routines.

50
Q

Supernatural beings who are rather remote from humans, yet who often have human-like qualities, and control the universe while taking an interest in human activities are called:

A

a) gods and goddesses

51
Q

A large number of Christian sects in ___________ have been the result of revitalization movements.

A

b) United States

52
Q

Societies in which women play an important role in the economy are likely to have____________.

A

c) priestesses

53
Q

The Great Buddha figures at Bamiyan and the Catholic shrines in sixteenth century England are examples of sacred sites that were subjected to_______________.

A

b) desecration

54
Q

The shaman’s most common task is to:

A

d) identify the source of sickness and to heal it.

Anthro (13 decks)

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