Chapter 15 - Processes of Change Flashcards
The creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method or device.
primary innovation
The deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device.
secondary innovation
The spread of certain ideas, customs or practices from one culture to another.
diffusion
The abandonment of an existing practice or trait.
culture loss
Massive cultural changes that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society.
acculturation
The violent eradication of an ethnic group’s collective culture identity as a distinctive people; occurs when a dominant society deliberately sets out to destroy another society’s heritage.
ethnocide
Cultural absorption of an ethnic minority by a dominant society.
assimilation
Customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things.
tradition
In acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms.
syncretism
In anthropology, refers to an adaptation process by which a people resists assimilation by modifying it s traditional culture in response to pressures by a dominant society in order to preserve its distinctive ethnic identity.
accommodation
A spiritual movement (especially noted in Melanesia) in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism, promising resurrection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement or white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches.
cargo cult
Organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power; also known as rebellion.
insurgency
Radical change in a society or culture. In the political arean, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one.
revolution
The process of political and socioeconomic change, whereby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrialized society.
modernization
Organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power is called __________.
rebellion
The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another refers to _____________.
diffusion
__________ is the massive cultural changes that people are forced to make as a consequence of intensive first-hand contact between their own group and another, often more powerful society.
Acculturation
In the video, the blending of cultural practices of French-speaking immigrants from North Africa to mainstream French culture of Paris suburbs is cited as an example of____________.
syncretism
____________ is the creation, invention, or discovery, by chance, of a completely new idea, method, or device.
Primary innovation
A _________________ is a deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method or device.
secondary innovation
The Haviland text cited the work of Michael M. Horowitz, whose pioneering work on the Senegal River Basin Monitoring Activity serves as a model for how ___________________ can encourage culturally sensitive development policy.
applied anthropology
Why do cultures change?
d) a and b
a) Cultures change when they are introduced to new ideas and tools.
b) Cultures change when the natural and social environment in which people live changes, they change their culture in response to environmental changes.
In order to gain acceptance, __________ must be reasonably consistent with a society’s needs, values, and goals.
a) innovation
What is NOT a cause of rebellion and revolution?
a) a treat to a recent economic improvement
b) government indecisiveness
c) loss of support from the intellectual class
d) loss of prestige of an established authority
e) All the above are causes of rebellion and revolution
e) All the above are causes of rebellion and revolution
Commonly, the burden of modernization in developing countries falls most heavily on___________
d) women
Which of the following are subprocesses of modernization?
a) technological development
b) agricultural development
c) urbanization
d) industrialization and telecommunication
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Eradication of their collective cultural identity was experienced by which group?
e) Tibetans
How is primary innovation different from secondary innovation?
d) Primary innovation is the creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method or device, whereas secondary innovation is a new and deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method or device.
What has made it possible to transport human beings and ideas from one place to another with astounding speed and in great numbers?
a) modernization
A shift in emphasis form subsistence farming to commercial farming is one of the subprocesses of modernization known as___________.
b) agricultural development
Change imposed upon one group by another continues in much of the world today as culture contact intensifies between______________.
b) societies unequal in power
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cultural change?
a) enculturation
b) innovation
c) diffusion
d) cultural loss
e) acculturation
c) diffusion
Which of the following definitions is FALSE?
a) primary innovation-the creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method or device.
b) secondary innovation - a new and deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method or device.
c) diffusion-the containment of ideas, customs, and practices to keep them from spreading into other cultures.
d) cultural loss-the abandonment of an existing idea or trait.
e) acculturation-massive cultural change that people are forced to make as a consequence of intensive firsthand contact between their own group an another, often more powerful society.
c) diffusion-the containment of ideas, customs, and practices to keep them from spreading into other cultures.
Which of the following is NOT a subprocess of modernization?
a) technological development: the application of scientific knowledge and techniques.
b) agricultural development: a shift in emphasis from subsistence farming to commercial farming.
c) industrialization: greater emphasis placed on material forms of energy to drive machines.
d) urbanization: population movement from rural settlements into cities.
e) redistribution: power and wealth are continually taken from the rich and given to the poor.
e) redistribution: power and wealth are continually taken from the rich and given to the poor.
Which of the following is an example of syncretism?
a) The Trobriand Islanders of Melanesia play cricket, a British game, with the addition of battle dress, battle magic and the incorporation or erotic dancing.
b) When US or British citizens visit each other’s countries, they learn to drive on the “wrong” side of the road.
c) Teenage boys in Zambia reconfigure used clothing imported from the US to make such clothing distinctly their own.
d) The rise of new innovations like the microwave resulted in the increasing demise of family mealtime in the US.
e) Items for daily use such as butter were once mad at home but are now available in stores as a result of specialized production.
a) The Trobriand Islanders of Melanesia play cricket, a British game, with the addition of battle dress, battle magic and the incorporation or erotic dancing.
What is an organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power?
d) insurgency
What is one of the consequences that occurs with acceptance of innovations within a culture?
a) acceptance of innovations lead to cultural loss.
What describes the subprocess of modernization?
c) technological development, agricultural development, urbanization, industrialization and telecommunication.
The declining situation of the Sami people as a result of negative effects from the introduction of the snowmobile into their reindeer herding society constitutes an example of modernization upending____________, or the customary ideas and practices that are passed on from generation to generation.
c) tradition
There are anthropologists who advise outside groups in how to manipulate people, which raise ethical concerns. As a result, they use community-based research and collaborate with indigenous societies, ethnic minorities, and repressed groups. These anthropologists are practicing _________.
c) action or applied anthropology.
In 2006, which Latin American country embodied the aspirations of a revitalization movement?
b) Bolivia
