Chapter 7 - Economic Systems Flashcards
economic system
An organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods.
technology
Tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them.
reciprocity
The exchange of goods and services, or approximately equal value, between two parties.
generalized reciprocity
A mode of exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified.
balanced reciprocity
A mode of exchange in which the giving and receiving are specified as to the value of the goods and time of delivery.
negative reciprocity
A form of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible. Neither fair nor balanced, it may involve hard bargaining, manipulation, and outright cheating.
silent trade
A form of barter in which no direct personal contact takes place.
Kula ring
A form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade relations among the seafaring Trobriand people, who inhabit a large ring of the islands in the southwestern pacific Ocean off the eastern coast of Papua, New Guinea, and other Melanesians.
redistribution
A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated.
conspicuous consumption
A showy display of wealth for social prestige.
potlatch
On the northwestern coast of North America, a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth.
prestige economy
Creation of a surplus for the express purpose of gaining prestige through a public display of wealth that is given away as gifts.
leveling mechanism
A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide free services, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else.
market exchange
The buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand.
money
Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value.
informal economy
A network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services, that for various reasons, escape governmental control.
What is the flexible/integrated pattern of division of labor?
Seen most among food foragers - Men & women perform up to 35% of activities with equal participation. Performing a task usually completed by the opposite gender doesn’t cause one to lose face. In such societies, boys & girls grow up in much the same way, and cooperation is valued over competition. Most food-foraging societies are egalitarian ones.
What is the segregated pattern of labor division?
Almost all work is classified as either masculine or feminine. It is almost unheard of for a man to do “women’s work,” and vice versa.
What is the dual sex configuration of the division of labor?
Men and women carry out their work separately, but neither gender dominates over the other.
You cannot begin to interpret a culture’s ____________ without first understanding the culture itself.
economic system
Among to Trobriand Islanders, ________ serve as their currency.
yams
The primary resources of any culture are _________, ___________, and_________; their use represents how a culture’s economy works.
technology; raw materials; labor
In foraging and agricultural societies, ________ do 3/4 or the group’s labor.
women
In postindustrial societies, economies require so much broad-based information that no single person could possibly know all that is needed, so the solution for success is____________
task specialization
The exchange of goods and services of approximately equal value is called
recoprocity
In today’s modern business environment, sellers put a value on their businesses’ good will; the Trobriand equivalent is
yams
The potlatch is the Kwakiuti as taxation is to the residents of the US; both serve as _________________________.
a leveling mechanism
Black market items are products of an undocumented economy, which is also known as _____________.
an informal economy
An economic system involves the _________, __________ & ____________ or goods.
production, distribution and consumption
The reason a Trobriand man gives yams to his sister or his married daughter is to:
show his support for their husbands and to enhance his own prestige and influence.
What are the two most important factors on which the division of labor is based in foraging and horticultural communities?
1) age
2) gender
Among food foragers, such as the Ju’/hoansi of the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa, land is:
defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belongs to a band that has occupied it for a long time.
When the Ju’/hoansi have surplus food, what do they do with it?
give it away
When a hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return, he is practicing:
generalized reciprocity
A man gives 10 of his sheep that he know are infected with disease to a farmer in exchange for a jeep. This is an example of
negative reciprocity
The Yolmo exchange of a days labor for a days labor is an example of:
balanced reciprocity
The Kula ring is:
1) practiced by the Trobriand Islanders
2) a circular trade route along which various goods flow
3) functions to gain power through the ability to give and receive highly valued prestige items.
What is the taxation system practiced by the trust group of the Yolmo of Nepal, which maintains the village temple and the land associated with it?
redistribution of resources in the community.
Market exchange is:
1) the dominant form of exchange
2) in a traditional market, is primarily conducted in face-to-face bargaining
3) is typically based on money exchange
As shown in the video, the markets of the Asante in Ghana are:
1) primarily ran by women
2) are the only way Asante women have of making money
What are the elements involved in the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo?
1) face-to-face, personal transactions
2) requires a higher quality of fish because it is going to be eaten raw.
3) Men do the selling
4) Women control the money
When he Ju’/hoansi were moved into villages:
their entire cultural system broke down
Economic globalization:
can be costly to corporations who have no cultural understanding of the people they do business with.
