Chapter 7 - Economic Systems

Question 1

economic system

Answer 1

An organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods.

Question 2

technology

Answer 2

Tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them.

Question 3

reciprocity

Answer 3

The exchange of goods and services, or approximately equal value, between two parties.

Question 4

generalized reciprocity

Answer 4

A mode of exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified.

Question 5

balanced reciprocity

Answer 5

A mode of exchange in which the giving and receiving are specified as to the value of the goods and time of delivery.

Question 6

negative reciprocity

Answer 6

A form of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible. Neither fair nor balanced, it may involve hard bargaining, manipulation, and outright cheating.

Question 7

silent trade

Answer 7

A form of barter in which no direct personal contact takes place.

Question 8

Kula ring

Answer 8

A form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade relations among the seafaring Trobriand people, who inhabit a large ring of the islands in the southwestern pacific Ocean off the eastern coast of Papua, New Guinea, and other Melanesians.

Question 9

redistribution

Answer 9

A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated.

Question 10

conspicuous consumption

Answer 10

A showy display of wealth for social prestige.

Question 11

potlatch

Answer 11

On the northwestern coast of North America, a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth.

Question 12

prestige economy

Answer 12

Creation of a surplus for the express purpose of gaining prestige through a public display of wealth that is given away as gifts.

Question 13

leveling mechanism

Answer 13

A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide free services, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else.

Question 14

market exchange

Answer 14

The buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand.

Question 15

money

Answer 15

Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value.

Question 16

informal economy

Answer 16

A network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services, that for various reasons, escape governmental control.

Question 17

What is the flexible/integrated pattern of division of labor?

Answer 17

Seen most among food foragers - Men & women perform up to 35% of activities with equal participation. Performing a task usually completed by the opposite gender doesn’t cause one to lose face. In such societies, boys & girls grow up in much the same way, and cooperation is valued over competition. Most food-foraging societies are egalitarian ones.

Question 18

What is the segregated pattern of labor division?

Answer 18

Almost all work is classified as either masculine or feminine. It is almost unheard of for a man to do “women’s work,” and vice versa.

Question 19

What is the dual sex configuration of the division of labor?

Answer 19

Men and women carry out their work separately, but neither gender dominates over the other.

Question 20

You cannot begin to interpret a culture’s ____________ without first understanding the culture itself.

Answer 20

economic system

Question 21

Among to Trobriand Islanders, ________ serve as their currency.

Answer 21

yams

Question 22

The primary resources of any culture are _________, ___________, and_________; their use represents how a culture’s economy works.

Answer 22

technology; raw materials; labor

Question 23

In foraging and agricultural societies, ________ do 3/4 or the group’s labor.

Answer 23

women

Question 24

In postindustrial societies, economies require so much broad-based information that no single person could possibly know all that is needed, so the solution for success is____________

Answer 24

task specialization

Question 25

The exchange of goods and services of approximately equal value is called

Answer 25

recoprocity

Question 26

In today’s modern business environment, sellers put a value on their businesses’ good will; the Trobriand equivalent is

Answer 26

yams

Question 27

The potlatch is the Kwakiuti as taxation is to the residents of the US; both serve as _________________________.

Answer 27

a leveling mechanism

Question 28

Black market items are products of an undocumented economy, which is also known as _____________.

Answer 28

an informal economy

Question 29

An economic system involves the _________, __________ & ____________ or goods.

Answer 29

production, distribution and consumption

Question 30

The reason a Trobriand man gives yams to his sister or his married daughter is to:

Answer 30

show his support for their husbands and to enhance his own prestige and influence.

Question 31

What are the two most important factors on which the division of labor is based in foraging and horticultural communities?

Answer 31

1) age

2) gender

Question 32

Among food foragers, such as the Ju’/hoansi of the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa, land is:

Answer 32

defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belongs to a band that has occupied it for a long time.

Question 33

When the Ju’/hoansi have surplus food, what do they do with it?

Answer 33

give it away

Question 34

When a hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return, he is practicing:

Answer 34

generalized reciprocity

Question 35

A man gives 10 of his sheep that he know are infected with disease to a farmer in exchange for a jeep. This is an example of

Answer 35

negative reciprocity

Question 36

The Yolmo exchange of a days labor for a days labor is an example of:

Answer 36

balanced reciprocity

Question 37

The Kula ring is:

Answer 37

1) practiced by the Trobriand Islanders
2) a circular trade route along which various goods flow
3) functions to gain power through the ability to give and receive highly valued prestige items.

Question 38

What is the taxation system practiced by the trust group of the Yolmo of Nepal, which maintains the village temple and the land associated with it?

Answer 38

redistribution of resources in the community.

Question 39

Market exchange is:

Answer 39

1) the dominant form of exchange
2) in a traditional market, is primarily conducted in face-to-face bargaining
3) is typically based on money exchange

Question 40

As shown in the video, the markets of the Asante in Ghana are:

Answer 40

1) primarily ran by women

2) are the only way Asante women have of making money

Question 41

What are the elements involved in the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo?

Answer 41

1) face-to-face, personal transactions
2) requires a higher quality of fish because it is going to be eaten raw.
3) Men do the selling
4) Women control the money

Question 42

When he Ju’/hoansi were moved into villages:

Answer 42

their entire cultural system broke down

Question 43

Economic globalization:

Answer 43

can be costly to corporations who have no cultural understanding of the people they do business with.