Chapter 8 Pwpt

Question 1

Purpose of research design?

Answer 1

Provides the plan or blueprint
Is the vehicle for systematically testing research questions and hypotheses
Provides structure for maintaining control

Question 2

Maintaining control prevents?

Answer 2

The effects of extraneous, mediating or intervening variables on the dependent variable or outcome

Avoid bias or threats to internal validity

Question 3

How are objectivity and accuracy addressed?

Answer 3

By a thorough literature review

Question 4

Accuracy means that

Answer 4

All aspects of the study work systematically from the research question
Variables measured are valid, reliable and objective

Question 5

Internal validity

Answer 5

The experimental treatment resulted in observed facts

Question 6

Valid is?

Answer 6

Measuring what they say they measure

Question 7

Reliable is?

Answer 7

Consistent measurements obtained

Question 8

Objective is?

Answer 8

Address issues of bias

Question 9

Bias is?

Answer 9

When other factors explain the results

Question 10

Feasibility considerations?

Answer 10

Facility and equipment availability
Expense 
Experience 
Ethics
Time 
Subjects

Question 11

Independent variable is?

Answer 11

Variable that will have an effect on the dependent variable 
Usually manipulated (to experimental group)

Question 12

The dependent variable is?

Answer 12

Not manipulated

The variable the researcher is interested in explaining

Question 13

The goal of quantitative research is to?

Answer 13

Support a cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variable

Question 14

PICO format?

Answer 14

P-population
I-intervention (independent variable)
C-comparison
O-outcome (dependent variable)

Question 15

What are threats to internal validity? What type of variables are these threats?

Answer 15

Variables that occur during the study that interfere with the independent/dependent variables

Extraneous, intervening, mediating variables

Question 16

How could I limit the effects of extraneous variables?

Answer 16

Use a homogenous sample (similar participants)

Use consistent data collection procedures

Question 17

What does homogeneity do?

Answer 17

Limits generalizability or the potential to apply the results of a study to other populations which is a threat to external validity

Question 18

Internal validity threats!

Answer 18

History 
Maturation
Testing 
Instrumentation
Mortality 
Selection bias

Question 19

External validity threats!

Answer 19

Selection effects
Reactive effects
Measurement effects

Question 20

Controlling the experiment means?

Answer 20

Reducing extraneous variables

Question 21

How do you control extraneous variables?

Answer 21

Use of a homogenous sample
Use of consistent data collection procedures
Training and supervision of data collectors and interventionists
Manipulation of the independent variable
Randomization

Question 22

What is randomization?

Answer 22

Each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to the control group or experimental group

Question 23

Randomization assumes that any important…

Answer 23

Intervening, extraneous, or mediating variables will be equally distributed between the groups to minimize bias

Question 24

Internal validity threat: history

Answer 24

Social media influences/impacts experiment

Question 25

Internal validity threat: maturation

Answer 25

Subjects grow older and wiser between pre-test and post-test

Question 26

Internal validity threat: testing

Answer 26

Gained experience from previous test

Question 27

Internal validity threat: instrumentation

Answer 27

Changes in equipment used to make measurements or observational techniques

Question 28

Internal validity threat: mortality

Answer 28

The loss of study subjects. Subjects remaining in study must be similar to subjects that dropped

Question 29

Internal validity threat: selection bias

Answer 29

Individuals deciding to participate or not, they may only get motivated individuals

Question 30

What does external validity do?

Answer 30

Questions the conditions of the study design as a factor in the results

Question 31

External validity threat: selection effects

Answer 31

Numbers of available subjects are low or not accessible

Question 32

External validity threat: reactive effects

Answer 32

Productivity increased because they saw they were being studied

Hawthorne effect

Question 33

External validity threat: measurement effects

Answer 33

A pre test may “prime” the subjects and effect results

Question 34

A college health center identifies lack of testicular self-examination among students and implements an intense summer wellness program focusing on the benefits of testicular self-examination. A count at the end of the summer semester indicates an increased number of students who completed testicular self-examinations

Answer 34

Mortality