Chapter 10 Pwpt Flashcards
Nonexperimental designs are used when the researcher wishes to?
Examine factors involved in a phenomenon
Explore events, people, or situations (does not manipulate independent variable)
Test relationships and differences among variables
What happens in a non experimental design?
Independent variable is not manipulated
Subjects are not randomized
No control group
level IV evidence
Non experimental survey studies may be?
Descriptive, exploratory, or comparative surveys
Non experimental disadvantages include?
Information is broad
Conducting a survey requires expertise in several research areas
Large scale surveys can be time consuming and costly
In a non experimental design, researchers collect detailed descriptions of existing variables such as?
Opinions, facts, attitudes, gender, income, politics, religions, ethnicity, occupations and education level
Non experimental survey studies seek to ____ _____ ____ _____ ______ and not attempting to ________ _________
To relate variables to each other….
Determine causation
Correlational studies are intended to?
Examine the associations among two or more variables
Show the statistical significance of the relationship (positive or negative)
Advantages of correlational studies are?
Increased flexibility
Efficient data collection method
Framework that cannot be manipulated
Developmental studies are?
Concerned with the existing status and/or the changes that result over time
What are the three types of developmental studies?
Cross sectional studies
Longitudinal (prospective, cohort)
Retrospective (ex post facto, case control)
Cross sectional studies do what?
Examine data that is collected only one time
Advantages of cross sectional studies?
Less time consuming and less expensive
Large amounts of data can be collected at one point
Maturation is not present
Disadvantages of cross sectional studies?
Difficult to establish an in depth assessment
Cannot investigate relationship between variables
Longitudinal/prospective/cohort study does what?
Collect data from the same people at different points in time
Longitudinal/prospective/cohort advantages?
Each subject serves as their own control
Early trends in the data can be analyzed
Assesses changes in the variables overtime
Longitudinal/prospective/cohort disadvantages?
May take long time to collect data
Increased cost, time, effort, money
Testing effects may be a threat
Mortality is a threat
Retrospective/ex post facto/case control studies do what?
Ex post facto= from after the fact
Attempts to link present events to events that have occurred in the past
An example of a retrospective study is?
A study linking smoking to lung cancer
Advantages of retrospective studies
Higher level of control than correlational studies
More practical than longitudinal studies
Disadvantages of retrospective studies
Causality cannot be inferred
Extraneous variables are a major threat
Nonexperimental studies DO NOT…?
Establish a cause and effect relationship
Don’t manipulate independent variable
Correlation does not equal??
Causation
In nonexperimental studies it is important to always ask?
Are there alternative explanations for the findings?
_______ ___________ is tested to assess which independent variables can best explain the dependent variables
Model testing
Non experimental studies sometimes use ____________ techniques that can explain the relationships among variables to establish __________ __ ______ ____.
Analytic; predictive or casual links
What is the primary difference between experimental and nonexperimental designs?
Manipulation of an independent variable
