Chapter 14 Pwpt

Question 1

Data collection methods must be

Answer 1

Objective, systematic and operational

Question 2

What is objective?

Answer 2

Free from the researchers personal biases, beliefs, values, or attitudes

Question 3

What is systematic?

Answer 3

Data collected in a uniform, consistent or standard way

Question 4

What must happen in operational definition?

Answer 4

Concepts must be clearly defined and then translated into a measurable variable for data collection

Question 5

An operational definition is how…..?

Answer 5

The researcher will measure each variable

Question 6

Measuring variables of interest is very difficult and time consuming in study design. It is important to…..?

Answer 6

Maintain fidelity (consistency and quality) on the data collection method and discuss the measurement error

Question 7

What is measurement error?

Answer 7

Difference between what really exists and what is measured in a given study

(Every study has some amount of it)

Question 8

What is random error? What causes it and what does it do to the study?

Answer 8

Occurs when scores vary in a random way.

Poor fidelity causes it (when data collectors dont use standard procedures to collect data)

It weakens the ability to find statistically significant differences

Question 9

What is systematic error and what does it affect?

Answer 9

Occurs when scores are incorrect but in the same direction

May affect application of findings to practice (does not necessarily affect tests of statistical evidence)

Question 10

What are some observational methods?

Answer 10

Concealment and intervention

Question 11

Concealment is when? Why is it used? What helps it?

Answer 11

The subjects dont know they are being observed

Used if they think the subjects behavior will change as a result of being observed

Debriefing is used to inform subjects after observation to allow them the opportunity to refuse to have their data included in the study

Question 12

What is intervention?

Answer 12

The observer provokes actions from those who are being observed

Question 13

Self report methods use?

Answer 13

Interviews or structures questionnaires to collect information about experiences, behaviors, feelings or attitudes

Question 14

Self report methods are commonly used….?

Answer 14

In nursing research and are most useful for collecting data on variables that cannot be directly observed or measured

Question 15

Self report data collects data on variables that cannot be directly observed or measured such as?

Answer 15

Quality of life, satisfaction with nursing care, social support, uncertainty, functional status

Question 16

Closed ended questions are?

Answer 16

Structured, fixed response items with a fixed number of responses (questionnaires?)

Question 17

When are close ended questions best used?

Answer 17

When the question has a finite number of responses and the respondent is to choose the one closest to the correct response

Question 18

What are self report measures referred to as?

Answer 18

Instruments, surveys, scales, tools

Question 19

A likert-type scale is referred to as a

Answer 19

Closed-ended self report measure

Question 20

Open ended questions are used when?

Answer 20

The researcher wants the subject to respond in their own words or when the researcher does not know all the possible alternative responses

Question 21

Considerations with self report methods are?

Answer 21

Social desirability and respondent burden

Question 22

What is social desirability?

Answer 22

There is no way to tell whether the respondent is telling the truth or responding in a socially desirable way

Question 23

What is a respondent burden?

Answer 23

If the questionnaire is too long or difficult to answer in a reasonable amount of time because of age, health condition, mental status or participants

Question 24

Respondent burden may result in

Answer 24

Incomplete or erroneous answers

Missing data

Question 25

Self report method: interview

Answer 25

Able to know who is responding
Almost anyone can participate 
Allows for more in depth data 
Expensive 
Anonymity is not possible 
Subjects questions can be answered 
Control over order of questions 
Interviewer bias as a threat

Question 26

Self report method: questionnaire

Answer 26

Might not be sure who responded
Some cannot participate—e.g., unable to read and write
Usually questions cannot be clarified
No control over the order questions are answered
More superficial because interviewer unable to probe
Less expensive
No interviewer bias
Can be anonymous

Question 27

Physiologic measurement requires?

Answer 27

Use of specialized equipment to determine the physical and biological status of subjects

Question 28

Examples or physiologic measurements are?

Answer 28

Physical: weight and temp
Chemical : BGL
Microbiologic: cultures
Anatomic: radiologic examinations

Question 29

Advantages of physiologic measurements are?

Answer 29

Objective
Precise
Sensitive and specific
Unlikely that subject can deliberately distort

Question 30

Disadvantages of physiologic measurement

Answer 30

Instruments may be expensive or difficult to use.
Instrument use often requires specialized knowledge and training.
The presence of some types of devices might change the measurement.
Results may be affected by the environment.
Whether the researcher controlled environmental variables must be considered.

Question 31

What is existing data “secondary analysis”?

Answer 31

Use of records and databases of already existing data collected for other purposes

Question 32

What are examples of existing data?

Answer 32

Medical records, care plans, hospital records, death certificates, US census, national cancer data base

Question 33

Advantages of existing data “secondary analysis”

Answer 33

Data are already collected, thus eliminating subject burden and recruitment problems.
Most databases contain large populations; therefore sample size is rarely a problem and random sampling is possible.
Larger samples allow the researcher to do more sophisticated analytic procedures, and random sampling enhances generalizability of findings.
Potential to save significant time and money

Question 34

Disadvantages of existing data “secondary analysis”

Answer 34

Institutions may be reluctant to allow researcher to have access to their records

Researcher has access to only those records that have survived; if the records available are not representative of all the possible records, the researcher may have a problem with bias

Question 35

Which statement regarding the use of existing data for nursing research does the nurse identify as true?

Answer 35

This method reduces problems with informed consent