Chapter 8: Preparing and Supporting a Speech Flashcards
broad socio-cultural categories, such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, education level, religion, ethnicity, and nationality used to segment a larger population
Demographics
consider the audience’s psychological dispositions towards the topic, the speaker and the occasion as well as how their attitudes, beliefs, and values inform those dispositions
Psychological audience analysis
when an audience sees you as competent, trustworthy, and engaging
Credibility
people who are required to attend your presentations
Captive audience
people who have decided to come hear your speech
Voluntary audience
to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
General purpose
generating many potential topic ideas in a fast-paced and nonjudgmental manner
Brainstorming
one-sentence statement that includes the objective you want to accomplish in your speech
Specific purpose
one-sentence summary of the central idea of your speech
Thesis
Information-retrieval experts
Reference librarians
allow access to newspapers, magazines, journals, and books from around the world
Databases
magazines and journals that are published periodically
Periodicals
author-supplied summary of the source
Abstract
the most rigorous form of review, which takes several months to years and ensures that the information that is published has been vetted and approved by numerous experts on the subject
Peer-review process
sources written by people with firsthand experiences or by researchers/scholars who conducted original research
Primary sources
compiled research by others in a condensed format
Secondary sources
cited case that is representative of a larger whole
Example
clarify ideas by providing information about what something is, why something is the way it is, or how something works or came to be
Explanation
numerical representations of information
Statistics
a comparison of ideas, items, or circumstances
Analogy
quoted information from people with direct knowledge about a subject or situation
Testimonies
help a speaker reinforce speech content visually, which helps amplify the speaker’s message
Visual aids
a miniature speech within your larger speech. Each will have a central idea, meet some part of your specific purpose, and include supporting material from your research that relates to your thesis
Main point
similar wording among key organizing signposts and main points that helps structure a speech
Parallel wording
breaking a large idea or category into smaller ideas or subcategories
Topical pattern
presenting your best information first in order to make a positive impression and engage your audience early in your speech
Primacy effect
based on the idea that an audience will best remember the information they heard most recently
Recency effect
speech structure based on time or sequence
Chronological pattern
arranges main points based on their layout or proximity to each other
Spatial pattern
presenting a problem and offering one or multiple solutions
Problem-solution pattern
forming a relationship between ideas that shows a progression from origin to result
Cause-effect pattern
a five step organizational pattern to help persuade an audience. 1. Attention Step: Grab the audience’s attention in the introduction. 2. Need Step: Establish the reason that your topic needs to be addressed. Satisfaction Step: Present a solution to the problem that you are addressing. 4. Visualization Step: Incorporate a positive/negative motivation to support the relationship you have set up between the need and your proposal. 5. Action Step: Include a call to action that tells people what they can do about the situation.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
citing the sources you have obtained information from in your speech to prove your credibility to the audience
Verbally (orally) citing
statements that help audience members navigate the changes in a speech
Signposts
pauses and changes in rate, pitch, or volume that help to emphasize a transition in a speech
Nonverbal signposts
a question which will elicit a mental response from the audience, not a verbal or nonverbal one
Rhetorical question
a full-sentence outline that helps you prepare for your speech. It includes the introduction and conclusion, the main content of the body, key supporting materials, citation information written into the sentences in the outline, and a references page for your speech.
Formal outline
a keyword and phrase outline that helps you deliver your speech. The speaking outline helps you get that information out to the audience.
Speaking outline
