Chapter 8: Preparing and Supporting a Speech

Question 1

broad socio-cultural categories, such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, education level, religion, ethnicity, and nationality used to segment a larger population

Answer 1

Demographics

Question 2

consider the audience’s psychological dispositions towards the topic, the speaker and the occasion as well as how their attitudes, beliefs, and values inform those dispositions

Answer 2

Psychological audience analysis

Question 3

when an audience sees you as competent, trustworthy, and engaging

Answer 3

Credibility

Question 4

people who are required to attend your presentations

Answer 4

Captive audience

Question 5

people who have decided to come hear your speech

Answer 5

Voluntary audience

Question 6

to inform, to persuade, or to entertain

Answer 6

General purpose

Question 7

generating many potential topic ideas in a fast-paced and nonjudgmental manner

Answer 7

Brainstorming

Question 8

one-sentence statement that includes the objective you want to accomplish in your speech

Answer 8

Specific purpose

Question 9

one-sentence summary of the central idea of your speech

Answer 9

Thesis

Question 10

Information-retrieval experts

Answer 10

Reference librarians

Question 11

allow access to newspapers, magazines, journals, and books from around the world

Answer 11

Databases

Question 12

magazines and journals that are published periodically

Answer 12

Periodicals

Question 13

author-supplied summary of the source

Answer 13

Abstract

Question 14

the most rigorous form of review, which takes several months to years and ensures that the information that is published has been vetted and approved by numerous experts on the subject

Answer 14

Peer-review process

Question 15

sources written by people with firsthand experiences or by researchers/scholars who conducted original research

Answer 15

Primary sources

Question 16

compiled research by others in a condensed format

Answer 16

Secondary sources

Question 17

cited case that is representative of a larger whole

Answer 17

Example

Question 18

clarify ideas by providing information about what something is, why something is the way it is, or how something works or came to be

Answer 18

Explanation

Question 19

numerical representations of information

Answer 19

Statistics

Question 20

a comparison of ideas, items, or circumstances

Answer 20

Analogy

Question 21

quoted information from people with direct knowledge about a subject or situation

Answer 21

Testimonies

Question 22

help a speaker reinforce speech content visually, which helps amplify the speaker’s message

Answer 22

Visual aids

Question 23

a miniature speech within your larger speech. Each will have a central idea, meet some part of your specific purpose, and include supporting material from your research that relates to your thesis

Answer 23

Main point

Question 24

similar wording among key organizing signposts and main points that helps structure a speech

Answer 24

Parallel wording

Question 25

breaking a large idea or category into smaller ideas or subcategories

Answer 25

Topical pattern

Question 26

presenting your best information first in order to make a positive impression and engage your audience early in your speech

Answer 26

Primacy effect

Question 27

based on the idea that an audience will best remember the information they heard most recently

Answer 27

Recency effect

Question 28

speech structure based on time or sequence

Answer 28

Chronological pattern

Question 29

arranges main points based on their layout or proximity to each other

Answer 29

Spatial pattern

Question 30

presenting a problem and offering one or multiple solutions

Answer 30

Problem-solution pattern

Question 31

forming a relationship between ideas that shows a progression from origin to result

Answer 31

Cause-effect pattern

Question 32

a five step organizational pattern to help persuade an audience. 1. Attention Step: Grab the audience’s attention in the introduction. 2. Need Step: Establish the reason that your topic needs to be addressed. Satisfaction Step: Present a solution to the problem that you are addressing. 4. Visualization Step: Incorporate a positive/negative motivation to support the relationship you have set up between the need and your proposal. 5. Action Step: Include a call to action that tells people what they can do about the situation.

Answer 32

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Question 33

citing the sources you have obtained information from in your speech to prove your credibility to the audience

Answer 33

Verbally (orally) citing

Question 34

statements that help audience members navigate the changes in a speech

Answer 34

Signposts

Question 35

pauses and changes in rate, pitch, or volume that help to emphasize a transition in a speech

Answer 35

Nonverbal signposts

Question 36

a question which will elicit a mental response from the audience, not a verbal or nonverbal one

Answer 36

Rhetorical question

Question 37

a full-sentence outline that helps you prepare for your speech. It includes the introduction and conclusion, the main content of the body, key supporting materials, citation information written into the sentences in the outline, and a references page for your speech.

Answer 37

Formal outline

Question 38

a keyword and phrase outline that helps you deliver your speech. The speaking outline helps you get that information out to the audience.

Answer 38

Speaking outline