chapter 8 part 2; 8.6 osmosis and dialysis

Question 1

in a cell is the outer or inner membrane more permeable

Answer 1

outer

Question 2

is the inner member soluble

Answer 2

no;
water and certain solutes

Question 3

what are cell membranes composed of

Answer 3

phospholipids

Question 4

how many membranes does the nucleus have

Answer 4

two; that separate the DNA from the rest of the cell

Question 5

how many membranes does mitochondria have

Answer 5

two; separating the inner part from the cell’s cytosol

Question 6

since the inner membrane is not really soluble, how are things supposed to cross the membrane

Answer 6

proteins passes

Question 7

is the top of a phospholipid polar or nonpolar, hydrophobic or hydrophilic, and faced on the outside or inside

Answer 7

polar + hydrophilic
and face on the outside

Question 8

is the ends of a phospholipid polar or nonpolar, hydrophobic or hydrophilic, and faced on the outside or inside

Answer 8

nonpolar
hydrophobic
faced on the inside

Question 9

do kidneys also have selectively permeable membranes

Answer 9

yes; filter out waste from out bloodstream

Question 10

can colloids (large particles suspended in the solvent) and larger particles cross a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 10

no; have to have another way of crossing

Question 11

diffusion is random movement of [solute or solvent] particles through the [solute or solvent]

Answer 11

solute
solvent

Question 12

diffusion results in […] concentration of the solute

Answer 12

uniform

Question 13

two solutions of different concentration separated by a selectively permeable membrane creates a

Answer 13

concentration gradient

Question 14

are concentration gradients present in cells

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

what can make a gradient of concentration in a cell

Answer 15

certain ions present in higher concentrations outside of the cell compared to inside
e.g. sodium higher outside
e.g. potassium is higher inside

Question 16

what are permeable substances that are able to readily diffuse

Answer 16

small non polar molecules
e.g. O2, N2, CO2
small polar molecules
e.g. H2O

Question 17

to readily diffuse small molecules need to be [polar or non polar] and those that are polar need to be [large or small]

Answer 17

non polar
polar e.g. H2O
Small

Question 18

what are permeable substances that need assistance (and sometimes energy)

Answer 18

larger polar molecules
e.g. C6H12O6
small monoatomic ions
e.g. Cl-. Na+. K+

Question 19

when needing assistance and sometimes energy large molecules need to be [polar or non polar] and when being small ions they need to be […]

Answer 19

polar
monoatomic
e.g. ions with charge

Question 20

what are the three factors that determine the diffusion across a semi permeable membrane

Answer 20

size (smaller size)
charge (neutral solutes)
polarity (polar molecules have a more difficult time than nonpolar)
side note; molecules with charges have a difficult time crossing

Question 21

what are less permeable substances that are the least permeable

Answer 21

• large polyatomic ion
  (multiple large ions)
  e.g. phosphate
• colloids

Question 22

what are less permeable substances that impermeable

Answer 22

• proteins, polysaccharides (need to be broken down before being transported)
• fats (large fat)

Question 23

substances with a […] size, […] charge and which are […] polar are better able to cross the cell membrance

Answer 23

smaller
neutral
less

Question 24

is glucose a molecule that will diffuse across a semipermeable membrane

Answer 24

need assistance

Question 25

osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure applied to

Answer 25

the more concentrated solution to prevent osmosis basically; force exerted by solutes on water across a semipermeable membrane

Question 26

basically osmotic pressure is pressure put on the [...] concentration to prevent the [...] concentration from moving from [...] to [...]. overall preventing [...]

Answer 26

higher lower low high movement

Question 27

reverse osmosis is pressure greater than the osmotic pressure causing

Answer 27

water to flow agains the concentration gradient

Question 28

reverse osmosis is basically the idea of forcing the water movement against its concentration gradient. So from the [...] concentration to the [...] concentration. still allows [....] just against its concentration gradient

Answer 28

higher lower movement

Question 29

osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from the [...] concentrated solution to the more [...] solution

Answer 29

less concentrated

Question 30

does the volume of the more concentrated solution increase or decrease as a result of osmosis

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

in tonicity, hypertonic solution is the more [...] solution

Answer 31

concentrated basically; when the concentration of solute outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell

Question 32

in tonicity, hypotonic solution the more [...] solution

Answer 32

dilute solution basically; when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell

Question 33

in tonicity, isotonic solution is the solution with [...] concentration

Answer 33

equal basically; when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell

Question 34

tonicity is used to predict the [...] of osmosis

Answer 34

direction

Question 35

osmolarity is the [...] concentration of all [...] particles in [...]

Answer 35

total solute solution basically; measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution

Question 36

how does osmotic pressure develop

Answer 36

when a semipermeable membrane separates two solutions with different solute concentrations, if the osmolarity of one solution is significantly higher than the other solute, there is a large osmotic pressure gradient across the membrane. water moves down the pressure gradient from the solution with low osmolarity to the solution with high osmolarity

Question 37

in osmosis in red blood cells, when a cell is placed in a isotonic solution (equal amount of solutes outside and inside) the cell [...] its size

Answer 37

remains

Question 38

hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by

Answer 38

water on a membrane surface. basically, the pressure created by a standing body of water.

Question 39

in osmosis when the red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution (less solutes outside the cell), what is the term for what happens to the red blood cell

Answer 39

hemolysis (burst, expands; solutes enter the cell where higher solutes)

Question 40

hemodialysis removes [...] [...]. waste products such as [...] and [...] and excess [...]. it does not remove [...] molecules and [...] or [...]

Answer 40

smaller ions urea creatinine larger ions colloids

Question 41

in osmosis when the red blood cell is placed in a a hypertonic solution (more solutes outside the cell), what is the term for what happens to the red blood cell

Answer 41

crenation (shrink, solutes leave the cell to the hypertonic solution)

Question 42

an IV solution must be [...] with red blood cells to maintain the normal volume of the cell

Answer 42

isotonic

Question 43

after osmosis, what can the two solutions be labeled as

Answer 43

isotonic since the purpose is to balance the concentrations

Question 44

dialysis is the diffusion of [...] solute particles through a [...] membrane. solutes diffuse from [...]tonic to [...]tonic until both solutions are [...]

Answer 44

small dialysis hypertonic hypotonic isotonic

Question 45

basically dialysis is removing [...] from solution

Answer 45

solutes e.g. when having kidney problems bad solutes are removed through dialysis in a dialysis membrane

Question 46

what is the equation of the molarity, M,

Answer 46

mol of solute ______________ L of solution

Question 47

what is the equation to finding moles when giving moles and liters and having to determine flow direction

Answer 47

osmoles _________ Liters

Question 48

what is the equation to find molarity

Answer 48

mass of solute (g) __________________ molar mass of solute (g/mol) x volume of solution (L)

Question 49

osmol ______ L (liters)

Answer 49

osmolarity

Question 50

how to go from Moles to osmolarity

Answer 50

Moles x {number of particles}

Question 51

What is the relationship between osmolarity and Moles

Answer 51

Osmo; M x (# of atoms present) Molarity; Osmolarity / (#of atoms present)