chapter 8 part 2; 8.6 osmosis and dialysis Flashcards
in a cell is the outer or inner membrane more permeable
outer
is the inner member soluble
no;
water and certain solutes
what are cell membranes composed of
phospholipids
how many membranes does the nucleus have
two; that separate the DNA from the rest of the cell
how many membranes does mitochondria have
two; separating the inner part from the cell’s cytosol
since the inner membrane is not really soluble, how are things supposed to cross the membrane
proteins passes
is the top of a phospholipid polar or nonpolar, hydrophobic or hydrophilic, and faced on the outside or inside
polar + hydrophilic
and face on the outside
is the ends of a phospholipid polar or nonpolar, hydrophobic or hydrophilic, and faced on the outside or inside
nonpolar
hydrophobic
faced on the inside
do kidneys also have selectively permeable membranes
yes; filter out waste from out bloodstream
can colloids (large particles suspended in the solvent) and larger particles cross a selectively permeable membrane
no; have to have another way of crossing
diffusion is random movement of [solute or solvent] particles through the [solute or solvent]
solute
solvent
diffusion results in […] concentration of the solute
uniform
two solutions of different concentration separated by a selectively permeable membrane creates a
concentration gradient
are concentration gradients present in cells
yes
what can make a gradient of concentration in a cell
certain ions present in higher concentrations outside of the cell compared to inside
e.g. sodium higher outside
e.g. potassium is higher inside
what are permeable substances that are able to readily diffuse
small non polar molecules
e.g. O2, N2, CO2
small polar molecules
e.g. H2O
to readily diffuse small molecules need to be [polar or non polar] and those that are polar need to be [large or small]
non polar
polar e.g. H2O
Small
what are permeable substances that need assistance (and sometimes energy)
larger polar molecules
e.g. C6H12O6
small monoatomic ions
e.g. Cl-. Na+. K+
when needing assistance and sometimes energy large molecules need to be [polar or non polar] and when being small ions they need to be […]
polar
monoatomic
e.g. ions with charge
what are the three factors that determine the diffusion across a semi permeable membrane
size (smaller size)
charge (neutral solutes)
polarity (polar molecules have a more difficult time than nonpolar)
side note; molecules with charges have a difficult time crossing
what are less permeable substances that are the least permeable
- large polyatomic ion
(multiple large ions)
e.g. phosphate - colloids
what are less permeable substances that impermeable
- proteins, polysaccharides (need to be broken down before being transported)
- fats (large fat)
substances with a […] size, […] charge and which are […] polar are better able to cross the cell membrance
smaller
neutral
less
is glucose a molecule that will diffuse across a semipermeable membrane
need assistance
osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure applied to
the more concentrated solution to prevent osmosis
basically; force exerted by solutes on water across a semipermeable membrane
basically osmotic pressure is pressure put on the […] concentration to prevent the […] concentration from moving from […] to […]. overall preventing […]
higher
lower
low
high
movement
reverse osmosis is pressure greater than the osmotic pressure causing
water to flow agains the concentration gradient
reverse osmosis is basically the idea of forcing the water movement against its concentration gradient. So from the […] concentration to the […] concentration. still allows [….] just against its concentration gradient
higher
lower
movement
osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from the […] concentrated solution to the more […] solution
less
concentrated
does the volume of the more concentrated solution increase or decrease as a result of osmosis
increases
in tonicity, hypertonic solution is the more […] solution
concentrated
basically; when the concentration of solute outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell
in tonicity, hypotonic solution the more […] solution
dilute solution
basically; when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell
in tonicity, isotonic solution is the solution with […] concentration
equal
basically; when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell
tonicity is used to predict the […] of osmosis
direction
osmolarity is the […] concentration of all […] particles in […]
total
solute
solution
basically; measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution
how does osmotic pressure develop
when a semipermeable membrane separates two solutions with different solute concentrations, if the osmolarity of one solution is significantly higher than the other solute, there is a large osmotic pressure gradient across the membrane. water moves down the pressure gradient from the solution with low osmolarity to the solution with high osmolarity
in osmosis in red blood cells, when a cell is placed in a isotonic solution (equal amount of solutes outside and inside) the cell […] its size
remains
hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by
water on a membrane surface. basically, the pressure created by a standing body of water.
in osmosis when the red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution (less solutes outside the cell), what is the term for what happens to the red blood cell
hemolysis
(burst, expands; solutes enter the cell where higher solutes)
hemodialysis removes […] […]. waste products such as […] and […] and excess […]. it does not remove […] molecules and […] or […]
smaller ions
urea
creatinine
larger
ions
colloids
in osmosis when the red blood cell is placed in a a hypertonic solution (more solutes outside the cell), what is the term for what happens to the red blood cell
crenation
(shrink, solutes leave the cell to the hypertonic solution)
an IV solution must be […] with red blood cells to maintain the normal volume of the cell
isotonic
after osmosis, what can the two solutions be labeled as
isotonic since the purpose is to balance the concentrations
dialysis is the diffusion of […] solute particles through a […] membrane. solutes diffuse from […]tonic to […]tonic until both solutions are […]
small
dialysis
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
basically dialysis is removing […] from solution
solutes
e.g. when having kidney problems bad solutes are removed through dialysis in a dialysis membrane
what is the equation of the molarity, M,
mol of solute
______________
L of solution
what is the equation to finding moles when giving moles and liters and having to determine flow direction
osmoles
_________
Liters
what is the equation to find molarity
mass of solute (g)
__________________
molar mass of solute (g/mol) x volume of solution (L)
osmol
______
L (liters)
osmolarity
how to go from Moles to osmolarity
Moles x {number of particles}
What is the relationship between osmolarity and Moles
Osmo; M x (# of atoms present)
Molarity; Osmolarity / (#of atoms present)
