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Chem > Chapter 3; Ionic and Covalent Compounds > Flashcards

Chapter 3; Ionic and Covalent Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

atoms are held together by…

A

chemical bonds

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2
Q

ionic bonds…

A

form when valence electrons are transferred

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3
Q

covalent bonds…

A

form when valence electrons are shared

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4
Q

compounds have […] potential energy than the separate atoms that form them

A

lower

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5
Q

atoms form compounds to attain […] valence energy levels

A

filled

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6
Q

noble gas atoms have […] valence energy levels and do not form chemical bonds

A

filled
- don’t react to anything

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7
Q

ionic compounds -

A

also called salts
- composed of oppositely charged ions
- simplest ionic compounds contain monoatomic ions

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8
Q

what is monatomic ions

A

when metal atoms transfer electrons to nonmetal atoms

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9
Q

a neutral metal atom [….] forming a positively charged ion, a monatomic cation

A

loses electron(s)

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10
Q

a neutral nonmetal atom […] forming a negatively charged ion, a monatomic anion

A

gains electron (s)

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11
Q

Ionic bond

A

strong electrostatic between oppositely charged cations and anions

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12
Q

what is the strongest type of bond

A

ionic bond

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13
Q

ionic compounds -

A

held together by strong attraction of opposite charges
- net charge equal to zero, determines ratio of cations to anions
ratio is reflected in subscripts of the compounds formula unit

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14
Q

charge =

A

protons - electrons

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15
Q

monatomic cations and anions

A
  • result from transfer of electrons
  • unequal numbers of protons and electrons
  • have symbol (same as atom) with charge as superscript
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16
Q

what are electrolytes

A

ions dissolved in water to conduct electricity

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17
Q

what are the exceptions to gaining or loosing electrons

A

Beryllium, Be
Boron, B

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18
Q

groups 1A, 2A, 3A are

A

cations (loose all their valence electrons)
cation charge = group number

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19
Q

Group 4A Metal and Transition Metal Cations

A
  • don’t always lose all their valence electrons. charge is less predictable
  • if it loses a variable number of electrons to form more than one ionic charge, use Roman numeral in name
  • Only elements with variable charges have roman numerals in name
    (Ag + Zn exceptions)
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20
Q

iron can loose

A

2 or 3 electrons

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21
Q

groups 5A, 6A, and 7A anions nonmetals gain…

A

enough electrons to fill valence energy level

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22
Q

monatomic groups 5A, 6A, and 7A anions names use the name of the element with an…

A
  • ide and +ion
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23
Q

writing the formula unit for an ionic compound

A
  • list cation symbol, then anion symbol
  • subscripts indicate lowest, whole-number ratio
  • sum of charges on cations and anions must equal zero
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24
Q

writing the name from the formula

A
  • name the cation
  • name the anion
  • subscript information is NOT included
    CaBr2 is Calcium Bromide
  • use roman numerals to indicate the charge of ions of metals that can exist in more than one form
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25
Q

polyatomic ions…

A

derive from molecules, not atoms
- contain one or more covalent bonds
- contain an unequal number of protons and electrons
- each has a unique name, formula, and charge
- molecule that has gained or lost valence electrons and therefore has a charge

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26
Q

acetate

A

C ₂H ₃O₂ (1 neg charge)

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27
Q

carbonate

A

CO₃²⁻

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28
Q

cyanide

A

CN (-1 charge)

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29
Q

dihydrogen phosphate

A

H(subscript 2)PO(subscript 4) (-1 charge)

30
Q

Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

A

HCO(subscript 3) (-1 charge)

31
Q

hydrogen phosphate

A

HPO(subscript 4) (-2 charge)

32
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH (-1 charge)

33
Q

hypochlorite

A

ClO (-1 charge)

34
Q

nitrate

A

NO(subscript 3) (-1 charge)

35
Q

nitrite

A

NO(subscript 2) (-1 charge)

36
Q

phosphate

A

PO(subscript 4) (-3 charge)

37
Q

sulfate

A

SO(subscript 4) (-2 charge)

38
Q

sulfite

A

SO(subscript 3) (-2 charge)

39
Q

ammonium

A

NH(subscript4) (+1 charge)

40
Q

hydronium

A

H(subscript 3)O (+1 charge)

41
Q

writing formula units for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions

A
  • same procedure as for monatomic ions
  • enclose polyatomic ion in parentheses if a subscript is need
42
Q

naming ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions

A
  • name the cation
  • name the anion
  • use the name of the polyatomic ion
43
Q

covalent compounds…

A

composed of two or more nonmetal atoms joined by covalent bonds

44
Q

certain elements exist as molecules, the […] elements

A

diatomic
e.g. H2, N2, O2, F2
2 = subscripts

45
Q

a […] is a type of covalent bond formed when two atoms share two valence electrons, typically contributed by each atom

A

single bond

46
Q

in molecular formulas; specify the [..] in each molecule as subscripts, usually in alphabetical order

A

number of each type of atom

47
Q

naming simple binary compounds

A
  • name the first element, then name the second element change the ending to -ide
  • insert prefixes indicating the number of each atom type
  • mono- prefix used only for the second element
  • N(sub 2)O is dinitrogen monoxide, whereas NO is nitrogen monoxide
48
Q

mono

A

1

49
Q

di

A

2

50
Q

3

A

tri

51
Q

4

A

tetra

52
Q

5

A

penta

53
Q

6

A

hexa

54
Q

what makes a compound ionic

A

metal with nonmetal bond

55
Q

molecular formula and chemical structures -

A
  • do show number and type of atoms in a molecule
  • do NOT show how atoms are arranged or the type of chemical bonds in the molecule
  • chemical structures show how atoms are arranged and the type of chemical bonds in the molecule
56
Q

lewis dot structures…

A

account for all valence electrons present in the molecule

57
Q

octet rule…

A

bonds form between atoms to fill valence energy levels (usually eight electrons)
- hydrogen = exception b/c only needs two electrons

58
Q

how many bonds are needed for groups 4A - 7A

A

4A - four for octet
5A - 3 bonds
6A - 2 bonds
7A - 1 bond

59
Q

nonbonding pair

A

2 electrons (dots)

60
Q

bonding pair

A

2 electrons (line)

61
Q

single bond…

A

one pair of shared electrons

62
Q

double bond…

A

two shared pairs

63
Q

triple bond…

A

three shared pairs

64
Q

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Carbon, C have?

A

4 bond
0 nonbonding

65
Q

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Nitrogen, N and Phosphorus, P have

A

3 bond
1 non bond

66
Q

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Oxygen, O and Sulfur, S have

A

2 bond
2 nonbonding

67
Q

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Halogens, F, Cl, Br, I have

A

1 bond
3 nonbond

68
Q

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Hydrogen, H

A

1 bond
0 nonbond

69
Q

steps for writing a lewis dot structure from a molecular formula

A
  1. determine the total number of valence electrons the molecule
  2. determine the central atom and place a single bond between the central atom and each atom bonded to it
  3. calculate the number of remaining valence electrons and distribute them as nonbonding pairs (outer atoms first, then the central atom) to fulfill octets
  4. if central atom is short of an octet, turn nonbonding pairs of electrons bonds to make double or triple bonds
70
Q

expanded octet…

A

period 3 elements can have more than eight electrons in valence energy level

71
Q
A

Chem (7 decks)

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