chapter 8; Mixtures, Solution Concentrations, osmosis, and dialysis Flashcards
how can mixtures be separated into their components
by physical separation techniques
mixtures are composed of […] or more elements and/or compounds
Two
homogeneous are components […] distributed
evenly
heterogeneous are components […] distributed
unevenly
the components of a homogeneous mixture are […] distributed whereas the components of a heterogeneous mixture are […] distributed throughout the mixture
evenly
unevenly
are solutes minor or major components in the solution homogeneous mixture
minor
is solvent minor or major component in the solution homogeneous
major
does a solute (minor component) dissolve in to a solvent (major component) or a solvent dissolve into a solute in a solution homogeneous mixture
a solute (minor component) dissolves in a solvent (major component)
since solutes are very small particles in solution homogeneous mixtures, what are they consisted of
molecules
ions
what is the solvent often in a solution homogeneous mixture
water,
forming aqueous (aq) solutions
although solutions are transparent, do they have some color
may be colorful
e.g. Gatorade
what makes something aquaus
when specify molecule or ionic compound is dissolved in water
solutes and solvents form solutions in all three states of matter
true
is colloids a minor or major component in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures
minor
is medium a minor or major component in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures
major
do colloids (minor component) disperse in a medium (major component) or a medium (major component) disperse in a colloid (minor component) in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures
colloids (minor component) disperse in a medium (major component)
are colloids are smaller or larger particles in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures
larger
- aggregates of molecules or ions, or
- large molecules (proteins, starches)
are mediums smaller or larger particles in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures
medium consists of smaller particles (water is common)
colloids are […] in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures
opaque
solutions is the smallest in homogeneous solution mixtures
yes
is suspension the smallest or largest minor component
largest minor component
are particles minor or major components in a suspension heterogeneous mixture
minor components
is medium a minor or major component in a suspension heterogeneous mixture
major component
does a particle (minor component) suspend in a medium (major component) or does the medium (major component) suspend in a particle (minor component) in a suspension heterogeneous mixture
particle (minor component) suspends in a medium (major component)
are particles large and easily separated in a suspension heterogeneous mixture
yes
suspensions in a suspension heterogeneous mixtures are phyisically
cloudy and turbid (cant see through them)
particles in a suspension heterogeneous mixture are larger than colloidal homogeneous dispersion mixture
true
a colloidal dispersion contains colloids, particles that are 1 […] to 1 […] in diameter
1 nm to 1micrometer
in solution particles of a suspension are larger than
1 micrometer
suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures that settle upon […]
standing
pepto-bismol (must be shaken before use) for relief of an upset stomach, is it a solution, colloidal, or suspension
suspension
since it seperates when resting
colloid minor components are larger than solute minor components in a solution
true
in a solution the particles are less than 1 […] in diameter
1 nanometer (nm)
when a solution forms, the solute particles become surrounded by solvent particles in a process called
solvation
when the solvent is water, solutes undergo
hydration
do solutes dissolve in solvents with similar or dissimilar polarity
similar
does a polar solute and polar solvent covalent compound make soluble or insoluble
soluble
does a nonpoar solute or polar solvent make insoluble or soluble
insoluble
does a polar solute or a nonpolar solvent make soluble or insoluble
insoluble
does a nonpolar solute and a nonpolar solvent make soluble or insoluble
soluble
can hydrogen bonds between the solute molecules break
yes
When dissolving polar solutes, what happens after the hydrogen bonds between the solute molecules break
new hydrogen bonds form between solute and polar solvent molecules
resulting solution is lower in potential energy
during solvation (solubility) of a polar covalent compound, hydrogen bonds between polar solutes are […] and new ones are formed between the solute and solvent molecules
broken
in solubility can covalent bonds be broken
no
can dispersion forces between the solute molecules break during the dissolving non polar solutes
yes
in dissolving non polar solutes new dispersion forces form between solute and
non polar solvent molecules
in dissolving non polar solutes is the resulting solution lower or higher in potential energy when the dispersion forces between the solute molecules broke and new formed between the solute and nonpolar molecules
lower
can polar and non polar liquids mix
no
are immiscible
water molecules interact with […] polar compounds
hydrophilic
can water molecules interact with hydrophobic non polar compounds
no, only hydrophilic
what happens when two mutually insoluble liquids form
separate, lower-potential-energy layers due to the hydrophobic effect
what is saturated solution regarding its solute
maximum amount of solute
what is supersaturated solution,
more than the maximum solute, which then forms a precipitate
in a solvation of ionic compounds ionic bonds between cations and anions are replaced by
ion-dipole interactions with water
in solvation of ionic compounds is an ion dipole interaction is the attraction between an
ion and the opposite partial charges on several water molecules
what is the resulting solution higher or lower in potential energy for solvation of ionic compounds
lower
ionic compounds dissolved in aqueous solution are […], which conduct electricity
electrolytes
solutes, such as sugar, that do not form ions in solution are
nonelectrolytes
when an ionic compound dissolves in water; ionic bonds are broken and […-…] interactions are formed between each of the separated ions and the opposite partial charges on several water molecules
ion dipole
e.g.
NaCl (s) + H2O (l) -> Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
CaCl2(s) + H2O (l) -> Ca2+ (aq) + 2Cl - (aq)
are covalent compounds dissolved in solution electrolytes or nonelectrolytes
non electrolytes
do water molecules follow high or low concentration of solutes / or ionic compounds in our blood stream
high concentration
maintains our blood pressure
concentration is the amount of solute in a given…
volume or mass of solution
dilute solutions contain more or less solute
less
what is the equation to find the concentration since concentration is a ratio
amount of solute
___________________
volume of solution (e.g. L)
or
amount of solute
__________________
mass of solution (e.g. mg)
what are the common units of concentration since concentration is a ratio
- mass/volume (m/v)
- %mass/volume (%m/v)
- moles/liter (M)
- equivalents/L (eq. /L)
what does (m/v) stand for
mass / volume
what does (%m/v) stand for
%mass/volume
what does (M) stand for
moles/liter
what does (eq./L) stand for
equivalents/L
if the quantity is more less than or equal to the quantity of solubility in water how does it classify in terms of saturated unsaturated or over saturated
more - over saturated
less - under saturated
equal - saturated
What is the concentration of mass/volume
Mass of solute
________________
Volume of solution
different metric units are used depending on the amount of solute
to what power is parts per million ppm
10^6
g/mL x 10^6
To what power is parts per billion ppb
10^9
hence;
g/mL x 10^9
g solute
_____________ X100
mL solution
%m/v
how to do concentration units
- a %m/v concentration must be calculated from grams of solute and milliliters of solution
- the decimal value is then multiplied by 100 to obtain a percentage (%)
- to use %(m/v) as a conversion factor, first convert it to a m/v ratio
To what power of 10 is ppm parts per million
10^6
what is the power for micro grams
10^-6
M =
molarity
What is the formula for finding M, molarity
moles of solute
________________
liters of solution
what is the number of solute particles per liter of solution 1.0L of a 1.0M solution in solute particles
6.02 x 10^23 solute particles
Dilute solutions use […] concentrations.
millimolar (mM)
I mol = […] items
6.02 x 10^23
Molar concentration represents the moles of solute per liter of solution, mol/L and has the abbreviation, M.
Yes
What is 1 M in mM
1000
when wanting to convert mol to mM
multiply by 1,000
What is the formula for finding flow rate
Solution volume
__________________
Time
What is the formula for finding the rate of medicine prescribed
Solute mass (medicine)
_______________________
Time
a flow rate is the
solution volume per unit that a solution is administered into a vein by IV
What is the solution equation to find solution or concentration
C1 x V1 = C2 X V2
stock solution. Needed solution.
More concentrated solution . Dilute solution.
C = concentration
V = volume
What is the molar solutions can be stock solutions equation
M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
Stock solution. Needed solution.
More concentrated dolution. Dilute solution (less concentrated)
Are there different states in solutes and solvents
Yes, in all three states of matter
E.g.
Solvent Solute Solution
Cu(s). Sn(s). Bronze, a metal alloy
What is the order of suspension, colloidal, and solution dispersions from smallest to largest particles
Solution
Colloidal
Suspension
Since blood is a suspension, centrifuging whole blood results in
Blood cells and blood plasma
What type of dispersion is blood plasma
Colloidal dispersion.
Remove the clotting factors and other proteims to get blood serum. Is.
What type of dispersion is blood serum
Solution.
Containing ions, elements, and molecules dissolved in water
When determining solvent or solute, how to determine the solvent and solute when given % or amount
The component in higher amount is the solvent
The component with less is the solute
What are the type types of homogenous mixtures
Colloidal dispersion and solutions
