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Chem > chapter 8; Mixtures, Solution Concentrations, osmosis, and dialysis > Flashcards

chapter 8; Mixtures, Solution Concentrations, osmosis, and dialysis Flashcards

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1
Q

how can mixtures be separated into their components

A

by physical separation techniques

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2
Q

mixtures are composed of […] or more elements and/or compounds

A

Two

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3
Q

homogeneous are components […] distributed

A

evenly

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4
Q

heterogeneous are components […] distributed

A

unevenly

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5
Q

the components of a homogeneous mixture are […] distributed whereas the components of a heterogeneous mixture are […] distributed throughout the mixture

A

evenly
unevenly

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6
Q

are solutes minor or major components in the solution homogeneous mixture

A

minor

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7
Q

is solvent minor or major component in the solution homogeneous

A

major

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8
Q

does a solute (minor component) dissolve in to a solvent (major component) or a solvent dissolve into a solute in a solution homogeneous mixture

A

a solute (minor component) dissolves in a solvent (major component)

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9
Q

since solutes are very small particles in solution homogeneous mixtures, what are they consisted of

A

molecules
ions

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10
Q

what is the solvent often in a solution homogeneous mixture

A

water,
forming aqueous (aq) solutions

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11
Q

although solutions are transparent, do they have some color

A

may be colorful
e.g. Gatorade

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12
Q

what makes something aquaus

A

when specify molecule or ionic compound is dissolved in water

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13
Q

solutes and solvents form solutions in all three states of matter

A

true

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14
Q

is colloids a minor or major component in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures

A

minor

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15
Q

is medium a minor or major component in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures

A

major

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16
Q

do colloids (minor component) disperse in a medium (major component) or a medium (major component) disperse in a colloid (minor component) in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures

A

colloids (minor component) disperse in a medium (major component)

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17
Q

are colloids are smaller or larger particles in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures

A

larger
- aggregates of molecules or ions, or
- large molecules (proteins, starches)

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18
Q

are mediums smaller or larger particles in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures

A

medium consists of smaller particles (water is common)

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19
Q

colloids are […] in homogeneous colloidal dispersion mixtures

A

opaque

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20
Q

solutions is the smallest in homogeneous solution mixtures

A

yes

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21
Q

is suspension the smallest or largest minor component

A

largest minor component

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22
Q

are particles minor or major components in a suspension heterogeneous mixture

A

minor components

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23
Q

is medium a minor or major component in a suspension heterogeneous mixture

A

major component

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24
Q

does a particle (minor component) suspend in a medium (major component) or does the medium (major component) suspend in a particle (minor component) in a suspension heterogeneous mixture

A

particle (minor component) suspends in a medium (major component)

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25
Q

are particles large and easily separated in a suspension heterogeneous mixture

A

yes

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26
Q

suspensions in a suspension heterogeneous mixtures are phyisically

A

cloudy and turbid (cant see through them)

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27
Q

particles in a suspension heterogeneous mixture are larger than colloidal homogeneous dispersion mixture

A

true

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28
Q

a colloidal dispersion contains colloids, particles that are 1 […] to 1 […] in diameter

A

1 nm to 1micrometer

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29
Q

in solution particles of a suspension are larger than

A

1 micrometer

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30
Q

suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures that settle upon […]

A

standing

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31
Q

pepto-bismol (must be shaken before use) for relief of an upset stomach, is it a solution, colloidal, or suspension

A

suspension

since it seperates when resting

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32
Q

colloid minor components are larger than solute minor components in a solution

A

true

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33
Q

in a solution the particles are less than 1 […] in diameter

A

1 nanometer (nm)

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34
Q

when a solution forms, the solute particles become surrounded by solvent particles in a process called

A

solvation

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35
Q

when the solvent is water, solutes undergo

A

hydration

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36
Q

do solutes dissolve in solvents with similar or dissimilar polarity

A

similar

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37
Q

does a polar solute and polar solvent covalent compound make soluble or insoluble

A

soluble

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38
Q

does a nonpoar solute or polar solvent make insoluble or soluble

A

insoluble

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39
Q

does a polar solute or a nonpolar solvent make soluble or insoluble

A

insoluble

40
Q

does a nonpolar solute and a nonpolar solvent make soluble or insoluble

A

soluble

41
Q

can hydrogen bonds between the solute molecules break

A

yes

42
Q

When dissolving polar solutes, what happens after the hydrogen bonds between the solute molecules break

A

new hydrogen bonds form between solute and polar solvent molecules
resulting solution is lower in potential energy

43
Q

during solvation (solubility) of a polar covalent compound, hydrogen bonds between polar solutes are […] and new ones are formed between the solute and solvent molecules

A

broken

44
Q

in solubility can covalent bonds be broken

A

no

45
Q

can dispersion forces between the solute molecules break during the dissolving non polar solutes

A

yes

46
Q

in dissolving non polar solutes new dispersion forces form between solute and

A

non polar solvent molecules

47
Q

in dissolving non polar solutes is the resulting solution lower or higher in potential energy when the dispersion forces between the solute molecules broke and new formed between the solute and nonpolar molecules

A

lower

48
Q

can polar and non polar liquids mix

A

no
are immiscible

49
Q

water molecules interact with […] polar compounds

A

hydrophilic

50
Q

can water molecules interact with hydrophobic non polar compounds

A

no, only hydrophilic

51
Q

what happens when two mutually insoluble liquids form

A

separate, lower-potential-energy layers due to the hydrophobic effect

52
Q

what is saturated solution regarding its solute

A

maximum amount of solute

53
Q

what is supersaturated solution,

A

more than the maximum solute, which then forms a precipitate

54
Q

in a solvation of ionic compounds ionic bonds between cations and anions are replaced by

A

ion-dipole interactions with water

55
Q

in solvation of ionic compounds is an ion dipole interaction is the attraction between an

A

ion and the opposite partial charges on several water molecules

56
Q

what is the resulting solution higher or lower in potential energy for solvation of ionic compounds

A

lower

57
Q

ionic compounds dissolved in aqueous solution are […], which conduct electricity

A

electrolytes

58
Q

solutes, such as sugar, that do not form ions in solution are

A

nonelectrolytes

59
Q

when an ionic compound dissolves in water; ionic bonds are broken and […-…] interactions are formed between each of the separated ions and the opposite partial charges on several water molecules

A

ion dipole
e.g.
NaCl (s) + H2O (l) -> Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
CaCl2(s) + H2O (l) -> Ca2+ (aq) + 2Cl - (aq)

60
Q

are covalent compounds dissolved in solution electrolytes or nonelectrolytes

A

non electrolytes

61
Q

do water molecules follow high or low concentration of solutes / or ionic compounds in our blood stream

A

high concentration
maintains our blood pressure

62
Q

concentration is the amount of solute in a given…

A

volume or mass of solution

63
Q

dilute solutions contain more or less solute

A

less

64
Q

what is the equation to find the concentration since concentration is a ratio

A

amount of solute
___________________
volume of solution (e.g. L)
or
amount of solute
__________________
mass of solution (e.g. mg)

65
Q

what are the common units of concentration since concentration is a ratio

A
  • mass/volume (m/v)
  • %mass/volume (%m/v)
  • moles/liter (M)
  • equivalents/L (eq. /L)
66
Q

what does (m/v) stand for

A

mass / volume

67
Q

what does (%m/v) stand for

A

%mass/volume

68
Q

what does (M) stand for

A

moles/liter

69
Q

what does (eq./L) stand for

A

equivalents/L

70
Q

if the quantity is more less than or equal to the quantity of solubility in water how does it classify in terms of saturated unsaturated or over saturated

A

more - over saturated
less - under saturated
equal - saturated

71
Q

What is the concentration of mass/volume

A

Mass of solute
________________
Volume of solution
different metric units are used depending on the amount of solute

72
Q

to what power is parts per million ppm

A

10^6
g/mL x 10^6

73
Q

To what power is parts per billion ppb

A

10^9
hence;
g/mL x 10^9

74
Q

g solute
_____________ X100
mL solution

A

%m/v

75
Q

how to do concentration units

A
  • a %m/v concentration must be calculated from grams of solute and milliliters of solution
  • the decimal value is then multiplied by 100 to obtain a percentage (%)
  • to use %(m/v) as a conversion factor, first convert it to a m/v ratio
76
Q

To what power of 10 is ppm parts per million

A

10^6

77
Q

what is the power for micro grams

A

10^-6

78
Q

M =

A

molarity

79
Q

What is the formula for finding M, molarity

A

moles of solute
________________
liters of solution

80
Q

what is the number of solute particles per liter of solution 1.0L of a 1.0M solution in solute particles

A

6.02 x 10^23 solute particles

81
Q

Dilute solutions use […] concentrations.

A

millimolar (mM)

82
Q

I mol = […] items

A

6.02 x 10^23

83
Q

Molar concentration represents the moles of solute per liter of solution, mol/L and has the abbreviation, M.

A

Yes

84
Q

What is 1 M in mM

A

1000

85
Q

when wanting to convert mol to mM

A

multiply by 1,000

86
Q

What is the formula for finding flow rate

A

Solution volume
__________________
Time

87
Q

What is the formula for finding the rate of medicine prescribed

A

Solute mass (medicine)
_______________________
Time

88
Q

a flow rate is the

A

solution volume per unit that a solution is administered into a vein by IV

89
Q

What is the solution equation to find solution or concentration

A

C1 x V1 = C2 X V2
stock solution. Needed solution.
More concentrated solution . Dilute solution.
C = concentration
V = volume

90
Q

What is the molar solutions can be stock solutions equation

A

M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
Stock solution. Needed solution.
More concentrated dolution. Dilute solution (less concentrated)

91
Q

Are there different states in solutes and solvents

A

Yes, in all three states of matter
E.g.
Solvent Solute Solution
Cu(s). Sn(s). Bronze, a metal alloy

92
Q

What is the order of suspension, colloidal, and solution dispersions from smallest to largest particles

A

Solution
Colloidal
Suspension

93
Q

Since blood is a suspension, centrifuging whole blood results in

A

Blood cells and blood plasma

94
Q

What type of dispersion is blood plasma

A

Colloidal dispersion.
Remove the clotting factors and other proteims to get blood serum. Is.

95
Q

What type of dispersion is blood serum

A

Solution.
Containing ions, elements, and molecules dissolved in water

96
Q

When determining solvent or solute, how to determine the solvent and solute when given % or amount

A

The component in higher amount is the solvent
The component with less is the solute

97
Q

What are the type types of homogenous mixtures

A

Colloidal dispersion and solutions

Chem (12 decks)

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