chapter 18; Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
catabolic biochemical pathways are when […] molecules are […] down to release […]
larger
broken
energy
e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, fats (macronutrients)
Cellular respiration is a biochemical process in which energy is transferred from […] and […] to adenosine
carbohydrates
fats
+ proteins
carbohydrates and fats are [high or low] potential energy
high
[…] is the energy currency of the cell
ATP
energy is released in a series of biochemical […] reactions
oxidation
what are the two types of metabolic pathways
catabolic
metabolic
cellular respiration is the process that uses the energy transferred from […] and […] (high potential energy molecules) to phosphorylate […] to […], the energy currency of the cell
carbohydrates
triacyglerols
ADP
ATP
ATP is an important [high or low] potential energy storage molecule
high
in ATP the two phosphoanhydride bonds are weak bonds; hydrolysis of these bonds forms more stable products and releases energy
yes
ADP is given a phosphate group to make [….]
ATP
digestion is the […] stage of catabolism; when the […] of biomolecules into their monomer units occur (catalyzed by enzymes)
first
hydrolysis
definition; (chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water)
proteins are hydrolyzed into amino acids, and carbohydrates into D-glucose, and triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol
yes
in the first stage of the catabolic process, digestion (hydrolysis), protein is broken into …
amino acids
in the first step of the catabolic process, digestion (hydrolysis), carbohydrates are broken down into
D-glucose
in the first step of the catabolic process, digestion (hydrolysis), triacylgcerol is broken down into
fatty acids
in the catabolic system what breaks down proteins into amino acids in the first stage digestion (hydrolysis)
proteolytic enzymes (proteases)
in the catabolic system what breaks down carbohydrates in the digestion stage (hydrolysis)
glycosides
what breaks down triacylglycerols in the first catabolic stage, digestion (hydrolysis)
lipases
in order for glucose to be converted into pyruvate, glucose goes through the […] cycle
glycolysis
in order for fatty acids to be converted to acetyl-CoA, fatty acids go through a […]-[…] cycle
B-oxidation
in stage two of the catabolic pathways small molecules’ products are degraded to […] in the mitochondria
acetyl-CoA
in step two of the catabolic pathway, oxidation and degradation, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA through the […]-[…] cycle
beta oxidation
in step two of the catabolic pathway, glucose goes through the […] process to produce […] and then go to the process to make […]
glycolysis
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
In step 2 of the catabolic pathway, oxidation and degradation, amino acids convert to […] then to […] or other […] acid cycle intermediates
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
citric
acetyl coenzyme A is a thioester derived from acetic acid and the thiol coenzyme A. when the acetyl group (-COCH3) is transferred to an alcohol or thiol, energy and coenzyme A, a thiol, are released
yes
amino acids are not the […] source of energy; used by body for energy only during […] or […]
primary
illness
starvation
in stage three of the catabolic pathway, oxidation and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP , the acetyl-CoA that was produced from all three macronutrients is broken down to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle while releasing […] and […] are released. the electrons released are […] and […]
CO2
electrons
NADH
FADH sub 2
the electrons from the third stage that were released (NADH, FADH2) by the citric acid cycle enters the […] transport chain and […] phosphorylation while taking in [..] to release […] and […]. ADP is added a […] to make ATP
electron
Oxidative
O2
H2O
ATP
P subscript i
the citric acid cycle is an […] step pathway
8
In the citric acid cycle NAD+ is reduced to [..]
NADH
in the citric acid cycle FAD is reduced to […]
FADH2
NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain and release energy via a series of […]-[…] reactions
oxidation
reduction
in […] […], the released energy drives the phosphorylation of ADP, forming ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
ATP is [high or low] potential energy storage molecule
high
since two phosphoanhydride bonds are weak; hydrolysis of the bonds form more stable products and releases energy hence ATP releasing energy is marked as [positive or negative]
negative
depending on which phosphoanhydride bond in ATP is hydrolyzed, the products are
ATP -> ADP + Pi and -30.5 kJ/mol
ATP -> AMP + PPi and -46 kJ/mol
reactions coupled to ATP hydrolysis is the coupled reaction where a biochemical reaction requires energy linked to energy-releasing reaction
yes
e.g. glycerol-3-phosphate, required in the construction of cell membranes, is synthesized a coupled reaction
in the gylcolysis and pyruvate metabolism glycolysis converts glucose to […] with a net production of […] […]
pyruvate
2
ATP
pyruvate-2 catabolic fates depending if under aerobic conditions or anaerobic conditions
yes
is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic biochemical pathway
anaerobic b/c it does not require oxygen
glycolysis is used by many plants, mammals, microorganisms to produce energy without […]
oxygen
glycolysis is used by most human cells to produce […]
energy
glycolysis in the cell occurs in its
cytosol
in glycolysis other stages of catabolism occur in the […]
mitochondria
for every […] glucose, […] pyruvate are made
one
two
in the glycolysis pathway, 2 ADP are added 2 Pi (inorganic phosphate groups) makes 2 ATP
it is two ATP because ADP has two PO groups (diphosphate) and need another (triphosphate) to match the tri- in ATP
in the glycolysis pathway 2 NAD+ are converted to 2NADH + 2H+
yes
when a PO group is added to a product, ATP was consumed
when a PO group is on the reactant, a ATP was formed
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
NAD+ converted to NADH + H+ is energy being […]
Released
The first half of glycolysis requires an input of energy from
2 ATP -> 2ADP
The second half of glycolysis produces energy
4 ADP -> 4 ATP
in glycolysis the net result is that 2 ADP are directly phosphorylated to 2 ATP
Yes
one possible fate for pyruvate under aerobic (w/oxygen) conditions is that pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA + CO2; NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H^+
yes;
one possible fate for pyruvate under anaerobic conditions is that pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid; and NADH + H+ is oxidized to NAD+
yes
NAD+ […] electrons which turn into NADH who […] them. NADH then […] the electrons into the electron transport chain
accepts
carries
carries
is NAD+ [OIL or RIG]. it is a electron [acceptor or donator]. it has [more or less] energy than its counterpart
OIL
acceptor
less
is NADH [charged or discharged]. [does it receive or carry] electrons. is it [OIL or RIG]. can it accept or [donate electrons]. does it have [more or less] energy
charged
carries
RIG
donates
more
in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 as the coenzyme NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+
yes
thus for one molecule of glucose, two molecules are converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA and two molecules of CO2 as 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH + 2H+ (another energy producing reaction)
yes
Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is [oxidized or reduced] to lactate in a process known as lactic acid fermentation, which [oxidizes or reduces] NADH + H+ to NAD+, a coenzyme required for step 6 of glycolysis
reduced
oxidizes
the citric acid cycle is the last stage of [….] for glucose , fatty acids, and some amino acids. citric acid cycle is an […]-step pathway; and it occurs in the […]. it produces energy (2) NADH, (1) FADH2, and GTP
catabolism
8
mitochondria
the citric acid cycle is a circular pathway because it combines acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, the product of the citric acid cycle, to form citric acid, which then expels two molecules of CO2 and regenerates oxalacetate
yes
in the citric acid cycle the only steps that produce produce
NADH, FADH2, and GTP are
- 3, 4, 8 produce NADH from NAD+
- 5 produces GTP from GDP
- 6 produces FADH2 from FAD
energy is produced in the oxidation-reduction steps of the citric acid cycle (steps 3,4,6, and 8) when 3 NAD+ are reduced to 3 NADH + H+ and FAD is reduced to FADH2
yes
in addition, to the oxidation-reduction production of energy of the citric acid cycle, there is one direct phosphorylation of GDP to GTP. in total, 9 ADP are phosphorylated to ATP for every acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle
yes
is the electron transport chain is essential for cellular respiration
yes; it is one of the processes to make ATP
in the electron transport chain and oxidative phophorylation is NADH and FADH2 [reduced (RIG or oxidized) to NAD+ and FAD
oxidized
in the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, energy that is released is used to form bonds to make ATP while reducing oxygen to water; […] […]
oxidative phosphorylation
in the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, different parts of the process occur in different locations within the […]
mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation is a […] process
biochemical
in oxidative phosphorylation, electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 enter the […] […] chain
electron tranport
in oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain is a series of oxidation- reduction reactions reducing oxygen to […]
water
in oxidative phosporylation, the energy transferred is used to drive this reaction; […] + […] -> […]
ADP + Pi -> ATP
do all energy producing catabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria
all except glycolysis
mitochondrion = […], a membrane enclosed structure within the cell that performs a specific function
organelle
the citric acid cycle is occurring in the mitochondria’s […]
matrix
the intermembrane space in the mitochondria is a […]
solution
in the mitochondria, the outer mitochondrial membrane is fairly […], and have a [high or low] surface area
smooth
low
in the mitochondria, the inner mitochondrial membrane has a highly […], […], [high or low] surface area
folded
convoluted
high
in the mitochondria, the inter membrane space is […] between the inner and outer membrane
aqueous
in the mitochondria, the matrix is an […] space enclosed by the […] membrane
aqueous
inner
a mitochondrion contains an […] and […] membrane that creates two […] compartments
outer
inner
aqueous
the […] […] is the compartment between the outer membrane and the inner membrane
inter membrane
the matrix is enclosed by the highly […] inner membrane
folded
the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to […] and […] as well as […]. […] and […]
ATP
ADP
O2
CO2
H2O
the inner membrane is permeable to […], […], and […] but not to […]; contains embedded […] transport proteins
O2
CO2
H2O
H+
electron
the matrix contains all citric acid cycle enzymes
yes
a proton […] exists across the inner membrane
gradient
since the proton gradient exists across the inner membrane; the intermembrane space has [higher or lower] pH, higher [H+], the matrix has [higher or lower] pH, lower [H+]
lower
higher
NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons from […], […] oxidation, and […] acid cycle to the electron transport chain
glycolysis
pyruvate
citric
in the electron transport chain electrons are transferred in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions ending with the reduction of […]
O2
the electrons in the electron transport chain in their series of oxidation-reduction reactions is
O2 + 4e- + 4H+ -> 2H2O
oxygen is essential for the electron transport chain; this requirement for O2 is what makes the citric acid cycle (and oxidation of pyruvate) aerobic
yes
in the electron transport chain the four large protein complexes are;
complex I
complex II
complex III
Complex IV
in the electron transport chain, the two mobile electron carrier molecules are;
coenzyme Q
cytochrome c
in the electron transport chain; the large protein complexes and the two mobile electron carrier molecules are located in the […] mitochondrial membrane
inner
for the proteins and carrier molecules of the electron transport chain; complex I […] electrons from NADH; complex II (extends into matrix) […] electrons from FADH2.
receives
receives
in the proteins and carrier molecules of the electron transport chain; complexes I and II […] electrons to coenzyme Q, which carries electrons to Complex III
transfer
in the proteins and carrier molecules of the electron transport chain; cytochrome c […] electrons from complex III to complex IV, where […] is reduced to […]
carries
O2
H2O
in the proton motive force; oxidation-reduction steps occur in the […] complexes of the electron transport supply.
protein
in the proton motive force; energy released by these reactions pumps […] from the matrix into the […] membrane space ([….] the gradient)
protons
inter
against
in the proton motive force; the result is [increased or decreased] proton gradient, a form of [potential or kinetic] energy
increased
potential
the proton motive force; the proton gradient generates […] and […] potential energy known as proton motive force
chemical
electrical
in the oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport chain; electrons transfer via oxidation-reduction reactions occurring at metal atom centers (Cu and Fe) and in organic cofactors. protons are pumped at complexes I, III, and IV, but not at complex II. consequently, FADH2 supplies less energy and produces fewer ATP than NADH
yes
the oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport chain; electrons pass to atom centers with increasing electron affinity and decreasing potential energy.
[…] -> complex […] -> complex […] -> complex […] -> O2
and
FADH2 -> complex […]-> complex […] -> complex […] -> O2
NADH -> complex I -> complex III -> complex IV -> O2
&
FADH2 -> complex II -> complex III -> complex IV -> O2
in the oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport chain; […] is the ultimate electron receiver in the electron transport chain (and in cellular respiration)
oxygen
electrons transferred through three of the four protein complexes in the electron transport chain generate energy that is used to pump protons form the matrix in to the […] membrane space
inter
the accumulation of protons in the inter membrane space creates chemical and electrical potential energy, known as the proton motive force, which drives the phosphorylation of […] to […]
ADP
ATP
the ____ is a selectively permeable membrane through which protons cannot diffuse
inner mitochondrial membrane
the ____ contains the proteins involved in the electron transport chain
inner mitochondrial membrane
the ____ has a higher pH than the ____
matrix
inner membrane
the ____ and ____ consist of an aqueous medium
matrix
inter membrane space
the ____ and ____ consist of a phospholipid medium containing proteins
outer mitochondrial membrane
inner mitochondrial membrane (has more)
phosphorylation of ADP to ATP; ATP synthase is the protein complex embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane that extends into the […]
matrix
phosphorylation of ADP to ATP; harnesses potential energy of proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP to ATP; […] […]
oxidative phosporylation
In ATP synthase; ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of the proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP to ATP in a biochemical process known as oxidative phosphorylation
basically an ion channel is in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where protons (H+) that were released from the complex I, III, IV into the intermembrane space. they enter the protein that starts to rotate and comes out from the ATP synthase where ADP is added a Pi to make ATP. The ATP synthase protrudes into the matrix . lower pH is high concentration in the inter membrane space, and the matrix is higher pH so lower concentration.
in ATP synthase; ATP synthase = multi enzyme protein complex, a […] (in matrix) on a stick that extends into the inner mitochondrial membrane
motor
in ATP synthase; stick contains ion channel that opens when [….] reaches certain […] and both ADP and Pi are bound
H+
concentration
in ATP synthase; H+ inions flow through channel down […], releasing […]
gradient
energy
in ATP synthase, every is used to turn the motor, which brings ADP and Pi together to form ATP. A second turn of the motor releases ATP
yes
the net ATP production from the complete oxidation of glucose; net:
glucose + 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 H2O + 4 ADP + 4 Pi -> 6 CO2 + 10 NADH + 10 H+ + 2FADH2 + 4 ATP
(10 NADH x 2.5) + 2 FADH2 x 1.5) + 4 ATP = 32 ATP per glucose
ATP is used to drive anabolic pathways, muscle contraction, active transport, etc.
yes
in beta-oxidation of fatty acids; triacylglycerols, are [long or short]-term energy storage, hydrolyze to produce […] […] and […]
long
fatty acids
glycerol
beta oxidation of fatty acids is […]% of energy for heart and liver cells comes from fatty acids
80
beta oxidation of fatty acids; fatty acids are converted to […] via biochemical pathway called beta-oxidation
acetyl-CoA
in the activation of a fatty acid to fatty acyl-CoA; requires energy from hydrolysis of ATP to […] + 2 {…}
AMP
Pi
side note; fatty acid attaches to CoA-SH
beta oxidation; is a […] step biochemical pathway.
- fatty acyl-CoA -> -> -> -> acetyl-CoA + shorter fatty acyl CoA
- FAD -> FADH2
- NAD -> NADH
- requires CoA
(process repeats, removing 2 carbon units from fatty acyl-CoA each round to produce x/2 acetyl-CoA for a fatty acid with x carbon atoms
for ATP production for Beta-Oxidation of a fatty acid; e.g. palmitic acid, C sub 16, produces eight acetyl-CoA molecules:
(16/2 = 8 acetyl-CoA)
7 cycles of beta-oxidation x 4
8 citric acid cycles x 10
activation of 1 fatty acid
7 x 4 = 28
8 x 10 = 80
= -2 ATP
_______________
total = 106 ATP
