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Chemistry 1003 > chapter 18; Energy and Metabolism > Flashcards

chapter 18; Energy and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

catabolic biochemical pathways are when […] molecules are […] down to release […]

A

larger
broken
energy
e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, fats (macronutrients)

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2
Q

Cellular respiration is a biochemical process in which energy is transferred from […] and […] to adenosine

A

carbohydrates
fats
+ proteins

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3
Q

carbohydrates and fats are [high or low] potential energy

A

high

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4
Q

[…] is the energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

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5
Q

energy is released in a series of biochemical […] reactions

A

oxidation

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6
Q

what are the two types of metabolic pathways

A

catabolic
metabolic

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7
Q

cellular respiration is the process that uses the energy transferred from […] and […] (high potential energy molecules) to phosphorylate […] to […], the energy currency of the cell

A

carbohydrates
triacyglerols
ADP
ATP

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8
Q

ATP is an important [high or low] potential energy storage molecule

A

high

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9
Q

in ATP the two phosphoanhydride bonds are weak bonds; hydrolysis of these bonds forms more stable products and releases energy

A

yes

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10
Q

ADP is given a phosphate group to make [….]

A

ATP

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11
Q

digestion is the […] stage of catabolism; when the […] of biomolecules into their monomer units occur (catalyzed by enzymes)

A

first
hydrolysis
definition; (chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water)

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12
Q

proteins are hydrolyzed into amino acids, and carbohydrates into D-glucose, and triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol

A

yes

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13
Q

in the first stage of the catabolic process, digestion (hydrolysis), protein is broken into …

A

amino acids

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14
Q

in the first step of the catabolic process, digestion (hydrolysis), carbohydrates are broken down into

A

D-glucose

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15
Q

in the first step of the catabolic process, digestion (hydrolysis), triacylgcerol is broken down into

A

fatty acids

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16
Q

in the catabolic system what breaks down proteins into amino acids in the first stage digestion (hydrolysis)

A

proteolytic enzymes (proteases)

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17
Q

in the catabolic system what breaks down carbohydrates in the digestion stage (hydrolysis)

A

glycosides

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18
Q

what breaks down triacylglycerols in the first catabolic stage, digestion (hydrolysis)

A

lipases

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19
Q

in order for glucose to be converted into pyruvate, glucose goes through the […] cycle

A

glycolysis

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20
Q

in order for fatty acids to be converted to acetyl-CoA, fatty acids go through a […]-[…] cycle

A

B-oxidation

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21
Q

in stage two of the catabolic pathways small molecules’ products are degraded to […] in the mitochondria

A

acetyl-CoA

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22
Q

in step two of the catabolic pathway, oxidation and degradation, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA through the […]-[…] cycle

A

beta oxidation

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23
Q

in step two of the catabolic pathway, glucose goes through the […] process to produce […] and then go to the process to make […]

A

glycolysis
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA

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24
Q

In step 2 of the catabolic pathway, oxidation and degradation, amino acids convert to […] then to […] or other […] acid cycle intermediates

A

pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
citric

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25
Q

acetyl coenzyme A is a thioester derived from acetic acid and the thiol coenzyme A. when the acetyl group (-COCH3) is transferred to an alcohol or thiol, energy and coenzyme A, a thiol, are released

A

yes

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26
Q

amino acids are not the […] source of energy; used by body for energy only during […] or […]

A

primary
illness
starvation

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27
Q

in stage three of the catabolic pathway, oxidation and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP , the acetyl-CoA that was produced from all three macronutrients is broken down to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle while releasing […] and […] are released. the electrons released are […] and […]

A

CO2
electrons
NADH
FADH sub 2

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28
Q

the electrons from the third stage that were released (NADH, FADH2) by the citric acid cycle enters the […] transport chain and […] phosphorylation while taking in [..] to release […] and […]. ADP is added a […] to make ATP

A

electron
Oxidative
O2
H2O
ATP
P subscript i

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29
Q

the citric acid cycle is an […] step pathway

A

8

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30
Q

In the citric acid cycle NAD+ is reduced to [..]

A

NADH

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31
Q

in the citric acid cycle FAD is reduced to […]

A

FADH2

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32
Q

NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain and release energy via a series of […]-[…] reactions

A

oxidation
reduction

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33
Q

in […] […], the released energy drives the phosphorylation of ADP, forming ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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34
Q

ATP is [high or low] potential energy storage molecule

A

high

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35
Q

since two phosphoanhydride bonds are weak; hydrolysis of the bonds form more stable products and releases energy hence ATP releasing energy is marked as [positive or negative]

A

negative

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36
Q

depending on which phosphoanhydride bond in ATP is hydrolyzed, the products are

A

ATP -> ADP + Pi and -30.5 kJ/mol
ATP -> AMP + PPi and -46 kJ/mol

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37
Q

reactions coupled to ATP hydrolysis is the coupled reaction where a biochemical reaction requires energy linked to energy-releasing reaction

A

yes
e.g. glycerol-3-phosphate, required in the construction of cell membranes, is synthesized a coupled reaction

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38
Q

in the gylcolysis and pyruvate metabolism glycolysis converts glucose to […] with a net production of […] […]

A

pyruvate
2
ATP

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39
Q

pyruvate-2 catabolic fates depending if under aerobic conditions or anaerobic conditions

A

yes

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40
Q

is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic biochemical pathway

A

anaerobic b/c it does not require oxygen

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41
Q

glycolysis is used by many plants, mammals, microorganisms to produce energy without […]

A

oxygen

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42
Q

glycolysis is used by most human cells to produce […]

A

energy

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43
Q

glycolysis in the cell occurs in its

A

cytosol

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44
Q

in glycolysis other stages of catabolism occur in the […]

A

mitochondria

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45
Q

for every […] glucose, […] pyruvate are made

A

one
two

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46
Q

in the glycolysis pathway, 2 ADP are added 2 Pi (inorganic phosphate groups) makes 2 ATP

A

it is two ATP because ADP has two PO groups (diphosphate) and need another (triphosphate) to match the tri- in ATP

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47
Q

in the glycolysis pathway 2 NAD+ are converted to 2NADH + 2H+

A

yes

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48
Q

when a PO group is added to a product, ATP was consumed

A
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49
Q

when a PO group is on the reactant, a ATP was formed

A
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50
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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51
Q

NAD+ converted to NADH + H+ is energy being […]

A

Released

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52
Q

The first half of glycolysis requires an input of energy from

A

2 ATP -> 2ADP

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53
Q

The second half of glycolysis produces energy

A

4 ADP -> 4 ATP

54
Q

in glycolysis the net result is that 2 ADP are directly phosphorylated to 2 ATP

A

Yes

55
Q

one possible fate for pyruvate under aerobic (w/oxygen) conditions is that pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA + CO2; NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H^+

A

yes;

56
Q

one possible fate for pyruvate under anaerobic conditions is that pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid; and NADH + H+ is oxidized to NAD+

A

yes

57
Q

NAD+ […] electrons which turn into NADH who […] them. NADH then […] the electrons into the electron transport chain

A

accepts
carries
carries

58
Q

is NAD+ [OIL or RIG]. it is a electron [acceptor or donator]. it has [more or less] energy than its counterpart

A

OIL
acceptor
less

59
Q

is NADH [charged or discharged]. [does it receive or carry] electrons. is it [OIL or RIG]. can it accept or [donate electrons]. does it have [more or less] energy

A

charged
carries
RIG
donates
more

60
Q

in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 as the coenzyme NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+

A

yes

61
Q

thus for one molecule of glucose, two molecules are converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA and two molecules of CO2 as 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH + 2H+ (another energy producing reaction)

A

yes

62
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is [oxidized or reduced] to lactate in a process known as lactic acid fermentation, which [oxidizes or reduces] NADH + H+ to NAD+, a coenzyme required for step 6 of glycolysis

A

reduced
oxidizes

63
Q

the citric acid cycle is the last stage of [….] for glucose , fatty acids, and some amino acids. citric acid cycle is an […]-step pathway; and it occurs in the […]. it produces energy (2) NADH, (1) FADH2, and GTP

A

catabolism
8
mitochondria

64
Q

the citric acid cycle is a circular pathway because it combines acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, the product of the citric acid cycle, to form citric acid, which then expels two molecules of CO2 and regenerates oxalacetate

A

yes

65
Q

in the citric acid cycle the only steps that produce produce
NADH, FADH2, and GTP are

A
  • 3, 4, 8 produce NADH from NAD+
  • 5 produces GTP from GDP
  • 6 produces FADH2 from FAD
66
Q

energy is produced in the oxidation-reduction steps of the citric acid cycle (steps 3,4,6, and 8) when 3 NAD+ are reduced to 3 NADH + H+ and FAD is reduced to FADH2

A

yes

67
Q

in addition, to the oxidation-reduction production of energy of the citric acid cycle, there is one direct phosphorylation of GDP to GTP. in total, 9 ADP are phosphorylated to ATP for every acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle

A

yes

68
Q

is the electron transport chain is essential for cellular respiration

A

yes; it is one of the processes to make ATP

69
Q

in the electron transport chain and oxidative phophorylation is NADH and FADH2 [reduced (RIG or oxidized) to NAD+ and FAD

A

oxidized

70
Q

in the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, energy that is released is used to form bonds to make ATP while reducing oxygen to water; […] […]

A

oxidative phosphorylation

71
Q

in the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, different parts of the process occur in different locations within the […]

A

mitochondria

72
Q

oxidative phosphorylation is a […] process

A

biochemical

73
Q

in oxidative phosphorylation, electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 enter the […] […] chain

A

electron tranport

74
Q

in oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain is a series of oxidation- reduction reactions reducing oxygen to […]

A

water

75
Q

in oxidative phosporylation, the energy transferred is used to drive this reaction; […] + […] -> […]

A

ADP + Pi -> ATP

76
Q

do all energy producing catabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria

A

all except glycolysis

77
Q

mitochondrion = […], a membrane enclosed structure within the cell that performs a specific function

A

organelle

78
Q

the citric acid cycle is occurring in the mitochondria’s […]

A

matrix

79
Q

the intermembrane space in the mitochondria is a […]

A

solution

80
Q

in the mitochondria, the outer mitochondrial membrane is fairly […], and have a [high or low] surface area

A

smooth
low

81
Q

in the mitochondria, the inner mitochondrial membrane has a highly […], […], [high or low] surface area

A

folded
convoluted
high

82
Q

in the mitochondria, the inter membrane space is […] between the inner and outer membrane

A

aqueous

83
Q

in the mitochondria, the matrix is an […] space enclosed by the […] membrane

A

aqueous
inner

84
Q

a mitochondrion contains an […] and […] membrane that creates two […] compartments

A

outer
inner
aqueous

85
Q

the […] […] is the compartment between the outer membrane and the inner membrane

A

inter membrane

86
Q

the matrix is enclosed by the highly […] inner membrane

A

folded

87
Q

the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to […] and […] as well as […]. […] and […]

A

ATP
ADP
O2
CO2
H2O

88
Q

the inner membrane is permeable to […], […], and […] but not to […]; contains embedded […] transport proteins

A

O2
CO2
H2O
H+
electron

89
Q

the matrix contains all citric acid cycle enzymes

A

yes

90
Q

a proton […] exists across the inner membrane

A

gradient

91
Q

since the proton gradient exists across the inner membrane; the intermembrane space has [higher or lower] pH, higher [H+], the matrix has [higher or lower] pH, lower [H+]

A

lower
higher

92
Q

NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons from […], […] oxidation, and […] acid cycle to the electron transport chain

A

glycolysis
pyruvate
citric

93
Q

in the electron transport chain electrons are transferred in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions ending with the reduction of […]

A

O2

94
Q

the electrons in the electron transport chain in their series of oxidation-reduction reactions is

A

O2 + 4e- + 4H+ -> 2H2O

95
Q

oxygen is essential for the electron transport chain; this requirement for O2 is what makes the citric acid cycle (and oxidation of pyruvate) aerobic

A

yes

96
Q

in the electron transport chain the four large protein complexes are;

A

complex I
complex II
complex III
Complex IV

97
Q

in the electron transport chain, the two mobile electron carrier molecules are;

A

coenzyme Q
cytochrome c

98
Q

in the electron transport chain; the large protein complexes and the two mobile electron carrier molecules are located in the […] mitochondrial membrane

A

inner

99
Q

for the proteins and carrier molecules of the electron transport chain; complex I […] electrons from NADH; complex II (extends into matrix) […] electrons from FADH2.

A

receives
receives

100
Q

in the proteins and carrier molecules of the electron transport chain; complexes I and II […] electrons to coenzyme Q, which carries electrons to Complex III

A

transfer

101
Q

in the proteins and carrier molecules of the electron transport chain; cytochrome c […] electrons from complex III to complex IV, where […] is reduced to […]

A

carries
O2
H2O

102
Q

in the proton motive force; oxidation-reduction steps occur in the […] complexes of the electron transport supply.

A

protein

103
Q

in the proton motive force; energy released by these reactions pumps […] from the matrix into the […] membrane space ([….] the gradient)

A

protons
inter
against

104
Q

in the proton motive force; the result is [increased or decreased] proton gradient, a form of [potential or kinetic] energy

A

increased
potential

105
Q

the proton motive force; the proton gradient generates […] and […] potential energy known as proton motive force

A

chemical
electrical

106
Q

in the oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport chain; electrons transfer via oxidation-reduction reactions occurring at metal atom centers (Cu and Fe) and in organic cofactors. protons are pumped at complexes I, III, and IV, but not at complex II. consequently, FADH2 supplies less energy and produces fewer ATP than NADH

A

yes

107
Q

the oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport chain; electrons pass to atom centers with increasing electron affinity and decreasing potential energy.
[…] -> complex […] -> complex […] -> complex […] -> O2
and
FADH2 -> complex […]-> complex […] -> complex […] -> O2

A

NADH -> complex I -> complex III -> complex IV -> O2
&
FADH2 -> complex II -> complex III -> complex IV -> O2

108
Q

in the oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport chain; […] is the ultimate electron receiver in the electron transport chain (and in cellular respiration)

A

oxygen

109
Q

electrons transferred through three of the four protein complexes in the electron transport chain generate energy that is used to pump protons form the matrix in to the […] membrane space

A

inter

110
Q

the accumulation of protons in the inter membrane space creates chemical and electrical potential energy, known as the proton motive force, which drives the phosphorylation of […] to […]

A

ADP
ATP

111
Q

the ____ is a selectively permeable membrane through which protons cannot diffuse

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

112
Q

the ____ contains the proteins involved in the electron transport chain

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

113
Q

the ____ has a higher pH than the ____

A

matrix
inner membrane

114
Q

the ____ and ____ consist of an aqueous medium

A

matrix
inter membrane space

115
Q

the ____ and ____ consist of a phospholipid medium containing proteins

A

outer mitochondrial membrane
inner mitochondrial membrane (has more)

116
Q

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP; ATP synthase is the protein complex embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane that extends into the […]

A

matrix

117
Q

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP; harnesses potential energy of proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP to ATP; […] […]

A

oxidative phosporylation

118
Q

In ATP synthase; ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of the proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP to ATP in a biochemical process known as oxidative phosphorylation

A

basically an ion channel is in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where protons (H+) that were released from the complex I, III, IV into the intermembrane space. they enter the protein that starts to rotate and comes out from the ATP synthase where ADP is added a Pi to make ATP. The ATP synthase protrudes into the matrix . lower pH is high concentration in the inter membrane space, and the matrix is higher pH so lower concentration.

119
Q

in ATP synthase; ATP synthase = multi enzyme protein complex, a […] (in matrix) on a stick that extends into the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

motor

120
Q

in ATP synthase; stick contains ion channel that opens when [….] reaches certain […] and both ADP and Pi are bound

A

H+
concentration

121
Q

in ATP synthase; H+ inions flow through channel down […], releasing […]

A

gradient
energy

122
Q

in ATP synthase, every is used to turn the motor, which brings ADP and Pi together to form ATP. A second turn of the motor releases ATP

A

yes

123
Q

the net ATP production from the complete oxidation of glucose; net:

A

glucose + 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 H2O + 4 ADP + 4 Pi -> 6 CO2 + 10 NADH + 10 H+ + 2FADH2 + 4 ATP

(10 NADH x 2.5) + 2 FADH2 x 1.5) + 4 ATP = 32 ATP per glucose

124
Q

ATP is used to drive anabolic pathways, muscle contraction, active transport, etc.

A

yes

125
Q

in beta-oxidation of fatty acids; triacylglycerols, are [long or short]-term energy storage, hydrolyze to produce […] […] and […]

A

long
fatty acids
glycerol

126
Q

beta oxidation of fatty acids is […]% of energy for heart and liver cells comes from fatty acids

A

80

127
Q

beta oxidation of fatty acids; fatty acids are converted to […] via biochemical pathway called beta-oxidation

A

acetyl-CoA

128
Q

in the activation of a fatty acid to fatty acyl-CoA; requires energy from hydrolysis of ATP to […] + 2 {…}

A

AMP
Pi
side note; fatty acid attaches to CoA-SH

129
Q

beta oxidation; is a […] step biochemical pathway.

A
  1. fatty acyl-CoA -> -> -> -> acetyl-CoA + shorter fatty acyl CoA
  2. FAD -> FADH2
  3. NAD -> NADH
  4. requires CoA
    (process repeats, removing 2 carbon units from fatty acyl-CoA each round to produce x/2 acetyl-CoA for a fatty acid with x carbon atoms
130
Q

for ATP production for Beta-Oxidation of a fatty acid; e.g. palmitic acid, C sub 16, produces eight acetyl-CoA molecules:
(16/2 = 8 acetyl-CoA)

A

7 cycles of beta-oxidation x 4
8 citric acid cycles x 10
activation of 1 fatty acid
7 x 4 = 28
8 x 10 = 80
= -2 ATP
_______________
total = 106 ATP

Chemistry 1003 (12 decks)

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