Chapter 5; Chemical Quantities And Introduction To Chemical Reactions Flashcards
convert 1 mole of atoms to atoms
1 mol of atoms = 6.02 x 10^23 atoms
convert 1 mol of molecules to molecules
1 mole of molecules = 6.02 x 10^23 molecules
convert 1 mole of formula units to formula units (ions)
1 mole of formula units = 6.02 x 10^23 formula units
what describes a mole
- 6.022 x 10^23 items
- the amount of a substance containing the same number of formulas units as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon
- Avogadro’s number of items
in any chemical reaction, reactants become […]
products
the numbers indicate the ratio of reactant and products.
coefficient / ratios
what are chemical changes
also known as chemical reactions, the transformation of elements and/or compounds into different elements and/or compounds
- existing bonds are broken and new bonds are formed
atoms, ions, and molecules undergo reactions in […] - number proportions
whole
atoms, ions, and molecules are extremely […] and […] to count
small
hard
how is molecular mass and formula mass calculated
- atomic masses (periodic table) and
- formula for the compund
molecular mass is for […] bonds
covalent
formula mass is for […] bonds
ionic
what is the units when calculating molecular mass
amu/molecule
e.g. H20
1.008 x 2 = 2.016
16.00 x 1 = 16.00
= 18.016 amu/molecule
what Is the mole and Avogadro’s number based on
the number of atoms in 12.00 g of carbon-12
avogados number of particles = 1 mole of those particles
the mass of 1 mole of any substance is its
molar mass
e.g. Helium; atomic mass is 4.003 amu, and its molar mass is 4.003 g/mol
e.g. carbon; atomic mass is 16.00 amu, and its molar mass is 16.00 g/mol
how to convert moles to mass (grams)
1 mole = […] grams
how to calculate percent composition
total mass of element in the compound
__________________________________________
total mass of the compound
x100%
= % composition
chemical changes can be observed as;
change in color formation of a solid (called precipitate)
heat being produced
evolution of a gas
noticeable aroma
atoms, ions, and molecules are in […] motion
constant
what happens at the molecular level when atoms, ions, and molecules collide with each other
- most collisions cause particles to bounce away
- some collisions have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction to occur
in a chemical reaction, bonds […] and new bonds are formed as […] are converted into […]
break
reactants
products
since reactants and products are different from each other, do they still contain the same atoms
yes
what changes in the law of conservation of mass
only the bonds between atoms change
the law of conservation of mass states that in […] reactions, atoms are neither […] or […]
chemical
created
destroyed
what does s stand for in chemical equations
solids (s)
what does l stand for in chemical equations
liquid (l)
what does g stand for in chemical equations
gas (g)
what does aq stand for in chemical equations
aqueous (aq)
side note; substances that can be dissolved in water
whole number […] indicate relative proportions
e.g. 2NO
coefficients
what are stoichiometric calculations
- the maximum number of moles of product formed from a given number of moles of reactant and
- the maximum mass of product formed from a given mass of reactant
from a balanced equation, the moles of any reactant or product can be calculated from any other reactant or product by using their coefficients to create a […] factor
conversion
what are the four types of chemical reactions
combination
decomposition
single replacement
double replacement
what are other classifications of chemical reaction
oxidation-reduction (transfer of electrons)
acid base (transfer of H+)
combustion (reaction with elemental oxygen)
reactions with organic compounds
what are combination reactions
two elements and/or compounds come together to form one compound
e.g.
A + B -> AB
what is a decomposition reactions
a single compound breaks down into two elements and/or compounds
AB -> A + B
what is a singe replacement reaction
an element substitutes for an atom in a compound to produce a new compound a new element
e.g.
A + BC -> AC + B
what is a double replacement reaction
one atom or group in one reactant substitutes for one atom or group in another reactant to produce two new products, which both contain an atom or group from both reactants
e.g. AB + CD -> AD + CB
double replacement reactions that form lower energy solid ionic compounds are called […] reactions. the formation of this solid product ( […] ) is the driving force of the reaction
precipitation
precipitate
what is oxidation - reduction reactions transfer electrons
oxidation = loss of electrons
reduction = gain of electrons
oxidation and reduction always occur […]
together
OIL stands for
oxidation is loss of electrons
RIG stands for
reduction is gain of electrons
how to identify transfer of electrons when they are not obvious (organic compounds containing mostly C and H atoms)
oxidation; increase in O and/or decrease in H
reduction; decrease in O and/or increase in H
