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Chem > Chapter 2; Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes > Flashcards

Chapter 2; Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes Flashcards

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1
Q

elements…

A

consist of only one type of atom, and cannot be broken down into anything smaller

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2
Q

compounds ..

A

consists of more than one type of atom, and can be broken down into their elements by chemical means

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3
Q

atoms..

A

consist of a small, very dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons that are rapidly moving

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4
Q

electron cloud is..

A

the region where electrons are more likely to be found

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5
Q

mass of atoms expressed as relative units

A

atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da)

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6
Q

protons (+1) and neutrons (zero charge) are located in the …

A

nucleus

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7
Q

electrons (-1) are located in the

A

electron cloud

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8
Q

subatomic particle
Charge and mass
proton
neutron
electron

A

+1 1.007
0 1.009
-1 0.000559

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9
Q

mass of an atom is compromised of…

A

protons and neutrons

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10
Q

volume of an atom

A

determined by electrons

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11
Q

charge of an atom

A

determined by number of protons and electrons

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12
Q

atomic symbol…

A

abbreviation assigned to each element

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13
Q

atomic number…

A

number of protons

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14
Q

atomic mass

A

average mass of the atoms of an element

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15
Q

what are group elements

A

going down on periodic table

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16
Q

what are periods

A

going across periodic table

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17
Q

what can too much fluoride cause

A

bones and teeth brittle
+
enlarged thyroid

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18
Q

atomic number =

A

protons and electrons

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19
Q

how to find neutrons

A

mass - atomic # (protons)

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20
Q

all atoms of an element

A
  • contain the same number of protons and electrons
  • may contain different numbers of neutrons
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21
Q

isotopes …

A

are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
(different forms of a single element)

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22
Q

how to identify mass number with isotopes (diff neutrons)

A

mass # = # protons +# neutrons

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23
Q

how to name an isotope with its name

A

element name-mass number
e.g. iodine-125

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24
Q

how to name an isotope with its symbol

A

atomic symbol-mass number
I-125

25
Q

how to name an isotope as a nuclear symbol

A

mass number
atomic number (right of both in middle atomic symbol)
e.g.
125
I
53

26
Q

how to calculate average atomic mass

A

(mass isotope 1) x (fractional abundance) + ( mass isotope 2) x (fractional abundance)
side note; fractional abundance is divided by 100%

27
Q

what group is group 1A

A

alkali metals

28
Q

what group is group 2A in

A

alkali earth metals

29
Q

what group is group 7A in

A

halogens

30
Q

what group is group 8A in

A

noble gases

31
Q

what group is the middle in

A

transition metals

32
Q

what group is the bottom, left over, elements in

A

inner transition elements

33
Q

what groups are main group elements

A

1A - 8A

34
Q

elements within a group share…

A

similar physical and chemical properties

35
Q

what do the arrangement of electrons represent

A

physical and chemical properties of the elements

36
Q

what is quantum mechanics

A

electrons can have only certain allowed energy levels
n= symbol for allowed energy levels

37
Q

electrons are always moving so they have…

A

kinetic energy

38
Q

valence electrons

A

interacting with matter , outermost electrons, form compounds
farthest from nucleus

39
Q

how to determine the number of valence electrons

A

of group (e.g. 1A = 1 va, 8A = 8 va)

40
Q

radioisotopes …
(radioactive isotope)

A
  • unstable nucleus
  • undergoes decay to become more stable (spontaneous process)
  • radiation is emitted during decay
41
Q

what are the high energy particles of radiation

A

a (alpha ) particle
B (beta) particle

42
Q

what are the high energy light wave

A

y (gamma)-ray
x-ray

43
Q

all isolates with atomic number greater than […] are radioactive

A

82

44
Q

what does the alpha decay release

A

alpha particle from isotope
- slow moving, high energy particle, +2 charge
4
a
2

45
Q

what is nuclear equation

A

parent nuclide -> daughter nuclide + a particle

46
Q

B (beta) decay

A

release of a beta particle
- travel 90% speed of light
- high energy electron
daughter nuclide has
- same mass number as the parent
- atomic # = to the parent atomic number +1
0
B
-1

47
Q

half life …

A

time needed for 1/2 of the parent nuclides to decay into daughter nuclides
- different radioisotopes decay at different rate
- radioisotopes decay exponentially

48
Q

alternate half life approach

A

N = (1/2) ^n
N fraction of isotope remaining
n number of half lives

49
Q

electromagnetic radiation (light)…

A
  • energy that travels through space as a wave
  • different light waves have different wavelengths
50
Q

wavelength - distance from top of one wave crest to next

A
  • radio waves - very long wavelengths ( low energy)
  • gamma rays - very short wavelengths (high energy= more potential damage to us)
51
Q

energy of light waves is inversely proportional to wavelenght

A

long wavelengths = lower energy
short wavelengths = higher energy
- ionizing radiation can dislodge valence radiation
(gamma rays, X-rays, higher energy UV)

52
Q

daughter nuclide initially may be produced in an […] (high energy), also called […}

A

excited state
metastable (m)
0
Y (gets rid of m)
0
release of gamma rays for more stable state

53
Q

parent nuclide =

A

unstable

54
Q

daughter nuclide can also be unstable so…

A

release gamma rays

55
Q

exposure can be

A

acute (single exposure) or
chronic (many smaller doses)

56
Q

radiation sickness…

A

results from acute exposure to radiation

57
Q

absorbed dose radiation - gray (Gy) …

A

measures amount of energy absorbed by an individual

58
Q

effective dose - sievert (Sy) …

A

represents the biological damage based on both the energy and the penetrating power of the radiation

Chem (7 decks)

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