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Chem > chapter 14; Carbohydrates: Structure and Function > Flashcards

chapter 14; Carbohydrates: Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

half of the carbon on earth is found in carbohydrates (mostly polysaccharides)

A

yes

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2
Q

what is the general formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

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3
Q

carbohydrates are polyols that contain either an aldehyde or ketone function group

A

true

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4
Q

carbohydrates have names that typically end in […]

A

-ose
e.g. lactose fructose glucose

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5
Q

in a Fischer projection, enantiomers have the […] configuration (switched horizontal groups) at […] chirality center

A

opposite
every

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6
Q

in a model and in a structure, switching any […] groups on the chirality center produces the

A

enantiomer

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7
Q

carbohydrates are classified by the number of […] produced when hydrolyzed in the presence of a catalysts

A

monosaccharides

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8
Q

what is the simplest type of carbohydrates that only have one sugar and cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler ones + is the sweetest monosaccharides

A

monosaccharides

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9
Q

what is type of carbohydrate means two sugars and reacts with water to produce two monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

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10
Q

what type of carbohydrate means a “few sugars” and can be hydrolyzed into a few monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides
(3-10 sugars)

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11
Q

what type of carbohydrate means many sugars and can be hydrolyzed into many monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides
e.g. starch, cellulose, pectin

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12
Q

polysaccharides = biological polymers with monosaccharides as monomers

A

yes

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13
Q

monosaccharides exist as stereoisomers

A

yes

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14
Q

stereoisomers are compounds with same […] formula and same […] but different three dimensional orientation of atoms

A

molecular
connectivity

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15
Q

geometric isomers exist because of a […]-[…] double bond

A

carbon
carbon

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16
Q

many stereoisomers exist when a molecule is […]

A

chiral

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17
Q

can double bonds be moved around

A

no they are fixed, single bonds can move around

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18
Q

chirality is a […] property for some objects and molecules

A

symmetry

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19
Q

chiral objects/molecules have non-superimposable mirror images ([…] symmetry)

A

no

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20
Q

Achiral molecules/objects are super […] on (identical to) their mirror images ([…] symmetry)

A

imposable
have

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21
Q

enantiomers is a pair of non super […] mirror image stereoisomers

A

imposable

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22
Q

a dashy in a skeletal model is going […]

A

back, away

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23
Q

a wedgy in a skeletal model is going […]

A

out

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24
Q

in a Fischer projection, the main chain is drawn vertically with the most […] functional group at the top

A

oxidized

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25
Q

in a Fischer projection, all vertical bonds are understood to project away from the viewer ([…]) and all horizontal bonds are understood to project toward the viewer ([…])

A

dashes
wedges

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26
Q

what is the symbol for a chiral center

A

*

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27
Q

how many pairs of enantiomers does nature often produce

A

only one member of a pair

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28
Q

are enantiomers chiral

A

yes
e.g. amino acids

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29
Q

a chirality center is a tetrahedral carbon bonded to […] different atoms or groups of atoms

A

four

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30
Q

Fischer projections are used to draw molecules with […] centers.

A

chirality

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31
Q

from the Fischer projections, An intersection of horizontal and vertical lines =

A

chirality center

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32
Q

in a Fischer project, enantiomers are […] horizontal atoms at all chirality centers

A

opposite

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33
Q

in a fischer projection, enantiomers have the opposite arrangement of the atoms/groups on the horizontal bonds at every chirality center

A

yes

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34
Q

in a Fischer projection the horizontal lines in a chirality center will be wedges. and the vertical lines in a chirality center will be dashes.

A

yes

35
Q

in the Fischer projection dashes are going [away or toward]

A

away

36
Q

in a Fischer projection are dashes going away or toward

A

towards

37
Q

when rotating a skeletal line, does the wedge go on the left or the right of the Fischer projection

A

left

38
Q

when rotating a skeletal line structure, will the dashy be on the left or right side in a Fischer projection

A

right

39
Q

an aldehyde is a carbon double bonded to an […] and have […] oxidation

A

oxygen
high

40
Q

racemic mixture is […] : […] mix of enantiomers. used if both enantiomers of a drug are safe or if one is inactive

A

50
50
e.g. ibuprofen; S-ibuprofen is an analgesic (active), but R0ibuprofen is inactive ant not harmful so its okay to have both. (expensive to separate since some inactive can be harmful)

41
Q

a pair of enantiomers have […] physical and chemical properties. However, in a chiral environment, enantiomers exhibit […] properties

A

identical
different

42
Q

can enantiomers differ in their rotation of plane polarized light

A

yes

43
Q

in dextrorotatory, does one enantiomer rotate clockwise or counterpoise

A

clockwise (+,d)

44
Q

in levorotatory does the enantiomer rotate clockwise or counterclockwise

A

counterclockwise (-,l)

45
Q

are 50:50 mixes (racemic mixture) of enantiomers optically active or inactive

A

optically inactive

46
Q

are achiral compounds are optically active or inactive

A

inactive

47
Q

diastereomers are stereoisomers that are same at […] or more chiral centers but […] all chiral centers

A

one
not

48
Q

diastereomers have the the opposite configuration at one or more - but not […] - chirality centers

A

all

49
Q

do carbohydrate diastereomers have the same or different names

A

different

50
Q

enantiomers have […]- and […]- designations

A

D
L

51
Q

what are the diastereomers that are produced in nature

A

D- Erythrose
D-Threose

52
Q

maximum of 2^n isomers for a molecule with n chirality centers;

A
  • one chirality center: 21 or 2 stereoisomers possible
  • Three chirality centers: 23 or 8 stereoisomers possible
53
Q

glucose has four chiral centers, and therefore, there are […] possible stereoisomers of glucose

A

16

54
Q

complex carbohydrates are derived from […] or […] monosaccharides. focus is on […] bond that joins monosaccharides including stereochemistry

A

two
more
glycosidic bond
- include
disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

55
Q

polysaccharides are biological polymers, [small or large] molecules composed of repeating structural units (monomers)

A

large

56
Q

most polysaccharides are composed of […]-glucose but differ in the type of glycosidic linkages

A

D
e.g.
starch, glycogen, and cellulose

57
Q

cell markers are […] carbohydrate chains on the […] of our cells

A

unique
surfaces

58
Q

cell markers allow immune cells to […] our cells from cells of other organisms. most are oligosaccharides bonded to […] or […] in cell membrane. cause of rejection post organ transplant

A

distinguish
proteins
lipids

59
Q

what type of blood is an universal donor that can donate to recipients of any blood type. And can accept blood from that type of donor

A

type O

60
Q

what type of blood is a universal recipient that can accept blood from donor of any blood type. can donate only to other recipients

A

type AB

61
Q

what do human cells need a constant supply of to produce energy

A

glucose

62
Q

blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by […]

A

hormones

63
Q

what are the normal fasting glucose levels

A

70-110 mg/dL

64
Q

hyperglycemic is when blood glucose levels are consistently […] than normal

A

higher

65
Q

when making a L- or D- enantiomer do all horizontal lines (at the chiral center) swap with each other

A

yes

66
Q

Is galactose a mono do ogli or polysaccharide

A

Mono saccharide

67
Q

Is starch a mono di ogli or polysaccharide

A

Polysaccharide

68
Q

Is C12H22O11 a mono di ogli or poly saccharide

A

Disaccharide

69
Q

Cellular markers are covalently bond to proteins and lipids in the cell membrane and project outward from the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid.

A

Yes

70
Q

When naming an enantiomer what are the options

A

L- or D-
When one is named D- the other is L- vice versa

71
Q

monosaccharides exist predominantly in their […] forms rather
than their […] chain forms

A

ring
straight

72
Q

Type AB contains both type A and type B markers

A

yes

73
Q

type O can receive blood from […]

A

O because it is a universal donor

74
Q

type A blood can receive blood from […], and […]

A

A
O

75
Q

blood type B can receive blood from […] and […]

A

B
O

76
Q

blood type AB can receive blood from […], […], […], and […]

A

A
B
AB
O
all because it is a universal recipient

77
Q

when there are low/” a fall” glucose levels in the liver, the pancreas stops releasing insulin and releases […]

A

glucagon

78
Q

glucagon signals the liver to hydrolyze […] from glycogen

A

glucose

79
Q

liver cells release glucose to blood, casing blood glucose levels to rise

A

yes, when there is low blood sugar

80
Q

when there are high glucose levels in the liver, the pancreas releases […]

A

insulin

81
Q

insulin mobilizes “glucose transporters” to cell surfaces triggering cells to take up glucose from […]

A

blood

82
Q

insulin directs liver cells to convert glucose to […]

A

glycogen

83
Q

type 1 diabetes begins in […]. it is […] disease; where the body destroys insulin […] cells. the lack of insulin triggers the liver to make glucose by alternative biochemical pathway, one activated by […]. treatment requires insulin injections/pump and careful […]

A

childhood
autoimmune
producing
starvation
diet

84
Q

type II diabetes is insulin […] diabetes. appears in […]. cells do not […] to insulin (glucose transporters not mobilized)

A

resistant
adulthood
respond

Chem (12 decks)

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