chapter 14; Carbohydrates: Structure and Function

Question 1

half of the carbon on earth is found in carbohydrates (mostly polysaccharides)

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

what is the general formula for carbohydrates

Answer 2

(CH2O)n

Question 3

carbohydrates are polyols that contain either an aldehyde or ketone function group

Answer 3

true

Question 4

carbohydrates have names that typically end in […]

Answer 4

-ose
e.g. lactose fructose glucose

Question 5

in a Fischer projection, enantiomers have the […] configuration (switched horizontal groups) at […] chirality center

Answer 5

opposite
every

Question 6

in a model and in a structure, switching any […] groups on the chirality center produces the

Answer 6

enantiomer

Question 7

carbohydrates are classified by the number of […] produced when hydrolyzed in the presence of a catalysts

Answer 7

monosaccharides

Question 8

what is the simplest type of carbohydrates that only have one sugar and cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler ones + is the sweetest monosaccharides

Answer 8

monosaccharides

Question 9

what is type of carbohydrate means two sugars and reacts with water to produce two monosaccharides

Answer 9

disaccharides

Question 10

what type of carbohydrate means a “few sugars” and can be hydrolyzed into a few monosaccharides

Answer 10

oligosaccharides
(3-10 sugars)

Question 11

what type of carbohydrate means many sugars and can be hydrolyzed into many monosaccharides

Answer 11

polysaccharides
e.g. starch, cellulose, pectin

Question 12

polysaccharides = biological polymers with monosaccharides as monomers

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

monosaccharides exist as stereoisomers

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

stereoisomers are compounds with same […] formula and same […] but different three dimensional orientation of atoms

Answer 14

molecular
connectivity

Question 15

geometric isomers exist because of a […]-[…] double bond

Answer 15

carbon
carbon

Question 16

many stereoisomers exist when a molecule is […]

Answer 16

chiral

Question 17

can double bonds be moved around

Answer 17

no they are fixed, single bonds can move around

Question 18

chirality is a […] property for some objects and molecules

Answer 18

symmetry

Question 19

chiral objects/molecules have non-superimposable mirror images ([…] symmetry)

Answer 19

no

Question 20

Achiral molecules/objects are super […] on (identical to) their mirror images ([…] symmetry)

Answer 20

imposable
have

Question 21

enantiomers is a pair of non super […] mirror image stereoisomers

Answer 21

imposable

Question 22

a dashy in a skeletal model is going […]

Answer 22

back, away

Question 23

a wedgy in a skeletal model is going […]

Answer 23

out

Question 24

in a Fischer projection, the main chain is drawn vertically with the most […] functional group at the top

Answer 24

oxidized

Question 25

in a Fischer projection, all vertical bonds are understood to project away from the viewer ([...]) and all horizontal bonds are understood to project toward the viewer ([...])

Answer 25

dashes wedges

Question 26

what is the symbol for a chiral center

Answer 26

*

Question 27

how many pairs of enantiomers does nature often produce

Answer 27

only one member of a pair

Question 28

are enantiomers chiral

Answer 28

yes e.g. amino acids

Question 29

a chirality center is a tetrahedral carbon bonded to [...] different atoms or groups of atoms

Answer 29

four

Question 30

Fischer projections are used to draw molecules with [...] centers.

Answer 30

chirality

Question 31

from the Fischer projections, An intersection of horizontal and vertical lines =

Answer 31

chirality center

Question 32

in a Fischer project, enantiomers are [...] horizontal atoms at all chirality centers

Answer 32

opposite

Question 33

in a fischer projection, enantiomers have the opposite arrangement of the atoms/groups on the horizontal bonds at every chirality center

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

in a Fischer projection the horizontal lines in a chirality center will be wedges. and the vertical lines in a chirality center will be dashes.

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

in the Fischer projection dashes are going [away or toward]

Answer 35

away

Question 36

in a Fischer projection are dashes going away or toward

Answer 36

towards

Question 37

when rotating a skeletal line, does the wedge go on the left or the right of the Fischer projection

Answer 37

left

Question 38

when rotating a skeletal line structure, will the dashy be on the left or right side in a Fischer projection

Answer 38

right

Question 39

an aldehyde is a carbon double bonded to an [...] and have [...] oxidation

Answer 39

oxygen high

Question 40

racemic mixture is [...] : [...] mix of enantiomers. used if both enantiomers of a drug are safe or if one is inactive

Answer 40

50 50 e.g. ibuprofen; S-ibuprofen is an analgesic (active), but R0ibuprofen is inactive ant not harmful so its okay to have both. (expensive to separate since some inactive can be harmful)

Question 41

a pair of enantiomers have [...] physical and chemical properties. However, in a chiral environment, enantiomers exhibit [...] properties

Answer 41

identical different

Question 42

can enantiomers differ in their rotation of plane polarized light

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

in dextrorotatory, does one enantiomer rotate clockwise or counterpoise

Answer 43

clockwise (+,d)

Question 44

in levorotatory does the enantiomer rotate clockwise or counterclockwise

Answer 44

counterclockwise (-,l)

Question 45

are 50:50 mixes (racemic mixture) of enantiomers optically active or inactive

Answer 45

optically inactive

Question 46

are achiral compounds are optically active or inactive

Answer 46

inactive

Question 47

diastereomers are stereoisomers that are same at [...] or more chiral centers but [...] all chiral centers

Answer 47

one not

Question 48

diastereomers have the the opposite configuration at one or more - but not [...] - chirality centers

Answer 48

all

Question 49

do carbohydrate diastereomers have the same or different names

Answer 49

different

Question 50

enantiomers have [...]- and [...]- designations

Answer 50

D L

Question 51

what are the diastereomers that are produced in nature

Answer 51

D- Erythrose D-Threose

Question 52

maximum of 2^n isomers for a molecule with n chirality centers;

Answer 52

- one chirality center: 21 or 2 stereoisomers possible - Three chirality centers: 23 or 8 stereoisomers possible

Question 53

glucose has four chiral centers, and therefore, there are [...] possible stereoisomers of glucose

Answer 53

16

Question 54

complex carbohydrates are derived from [...] or [...] monosaccharides. focus is on [...] bond that joins monosaccharides including stereochemistry

Answer 54

two more glycosidic bond - include disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 55

polysaccharides are biological polymers, [small or large] molecules composed of repeating structural units (monomers)

Answer 55

large

Question 56

most polysaccharides are composed of [...]-glucose but differ in the type of glycosidic linkages

Answer 56

D e.g. starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Question 57

cell markers are [...] carbohydrate chains on the [...] of our cells

Answer 57

unique surfaces

Question 58

cell markers allow immune cells to [...] our cells from cells of other organisms. most are oligosaccharides bonded to [...] or [...] in cell membrane. cause of rejection post organ transplant

Answer 58

distinguish proteins lipids

Question 59

what type of blood is an universal donor that can donate to recipients of any blood type. And can accept blood from that type of donor

Answer 59

type O

Question 60

what type of blood is a universal recipient that can accept blood from donor of any blood type. can donate only to other recipients

Answer 60

type AB

Question 61

what do human cells need a constant supply of to produce energy

Answer 61

glucose

Question 62

blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by [...]

Answer 62

hormones

Question 63

what are the normal fasting glucose levels

Answer 63

70-110 mg/dL

Question 64

hyperglycemic is when blood glucose levels are consistently [...] than normal

Answer 64

higher

Question 65

when making a L- or D- enantiomer do all horizontal lines (at the chiral center) swap with each other

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

Is galactose a mono do ogli or polysaccharide

Answer 66

Mono saccharide

Question 67

Is starch a mono di ogli or polysaccharide

Answer 67

Polysaccharide

Question 68

Is C12H22O11 a mono di ogli or poly saccharide

Answer 68

Disaccharide

Question 69

Cellular markers are covalently bond to proteins and lipids in the cell membrane and project outward from the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid.

Answer 69

Yes

Question 70

When naming an enantiomer what are the options

Answer 70

L- or D- When one is named D- the other is L- vice versa

Question 71

monosaccharides exist predominantly in their [...] forms rather than their [...] chain forms

Answer 71

ring straight

Question 72

Type AB contains both type A and type B markers

Answer 72

yes

Question 73

type O can receive blood from [...]

Answer 73

O because it is a universal donor

Question 74

type A blood can receive blood from [...], and [...]

Answer 74

A O

Question 75

blood type B can receive blood from [...] and [...]

Answer 75

B O

Question 76

blood type AB can receive blood from [...], [...], [...], and [...]

Answer 76

A B AB O all because it is a universal recipient

Question 77

when there are low/" a fall" glucose levels in the liver, the pancreas stops releasing insulin and releases [...]

Answer 77

glucagon

Question 78

glucagon signals the liver to hydrolyze [...] from glycogen

Answer 78

glucose

Question 79

liver cells release glucose to blood, casing blood glucose levels to rise

Answer 79

yes, when there is low blood sugar

Question 80

when there are high glucose levels in the liver, the pancreas releases [...]

Answer 80

insulin

Question 81

insulin mobilizes "glucose transporters" to cell surfaces triggering cells to take up glucose from [...]

Answer 81

blood

Question 82

insulin directs liver cells to convert glucose to [...]

Answer 82

glycogen

Question 83

type 1 diabetes begins in [...]. it is [...] disease; where the body destroys insulin [...] cells. the lack of insulin triggers the liver to make glucose by alternative biochemical pathway, one activated by [...]. treatment requires insulin injections/pump and careful [...]

Answer 83

childhood autoimmune producing starvation diet

Question 84

type II diabetes is insulin [...] diabetes. appears in [...]. cells do not [...] to insulin (glucose transporters not mobilized)

Answer 84

resistant adulthood respond