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Medical Terminology > Chapter 8, nervous system, pages 256–259 > Flashcards

Chapter 8, nervous system, pages 256–259 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Chemical that stimulates cells.

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2
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

Neuron that carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

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3
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle layer of the meninges.

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4
Q

Astrocyte, Astroglia

A

A type of neuroglia that maintains nutrient and chemical levels in neurons.

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that carries impulses from the central nervous system to glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and various membranes.

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6
Q

Axon

A

Part of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.

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7
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Large masses of gray matter within the cerebrum.

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8
Q

Brain

A

Body organ responsible for controlling the body’s functions and interactions with outside stimuli.

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9
Q

Brainstem

A

One of the four major divisions of the brain; division that control certain heart, lung, and visual functions.

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10
Q

Cell body

A

Part of a nerve cell that has branches or fibers that reach out to send or receive impulses.

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11
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Cerebellum

A

One of the four major divisions of the brain; division that coordinate musculoskeletal movements.

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer portion of the cerebrum.

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14
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid CSF

A

Watery fluted that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord.

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15
Q

Cerebrum

A

One of the four major divisions of the brain; division involved with emotions, memory, conscious thought, moral behavior, sensory interpretations, is certain bodily movements.

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16
Q

Conductivity

A

Ability to transmit a signal.

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17
Q

Convolutions

A

Folds in the cerebral cortex; gyri.

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18
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bridge of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

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19
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Any of 12 pairs of nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain.

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20
Q

Cranium

A

Bony structure that the brain sits in.

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21
Q

Dendrite

A

A thin branching extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body.

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22
Q

Diencephalon

A

One of the four major structures of the brain; it is the deep portion of the brain and contains the thalamus.

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23
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost layer of the meninges.

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24
Q

Efferent (motor) neuron

A

Neuron that carries information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system.

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25
Q

Epidural space

A

Area between the pia matter and the bones of the spinal cord.

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26
Q

Epithalamus

A

One of the parts of the diencephalon serves as a sensory relay station.

27
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli.

28
Q

Fissure

A

One of many indentations of the cerebrum; sulcus.

29
Q

Frontal lobe

A

One of the four parts of each hemisphere of the cerebrum.

30
Q

Gyrus (pl., gyri)

A

Convolutions; folds the cerebral cortex.

31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

One of the parts of the diencephalon; serves as a sensory relay station.

32
Q

Interneuron

A

Neuron that carries and possesses sensory information.

33
Q

Medela oblongata

A

Part of the brainstem that regulates heart and lung functions, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing.

34
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.

35
Q

Microglia

A

A type of the neuroglia that removes the debris.

36
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of the brainstem involved with visual reflexes.

37
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty tissue that covers axons.

38
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of neurons that bear electrical charges to the organs and muscles of the body.

39
Q

Nerve cell

A

Basic cell of the nervous system having three parts: cell body, dendrite, and axon; also called a neuron.

40
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Released energy that is received or transmitted by tissue or organs and that usually provokes a response.

41
Q

Neurilemma

A

Membrane covering that protects the myelin sheath.

42
Q

Neuroglia, neuroglial cell

A

Cell of the nervous system that does not transmit impulses.

43
Q

Neuron

A

Basic cell of the nervous system having three parts; also called a nerve cell.

44
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Various substances located in tiny sacs at the end of the axon.

45
Q

Occipital lobe

A

One of the four parts of each hemisphere of the cerebrum.

46
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

A type of neuroglia that produces myelin and helps to support neurons.

47
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system of that operates when the body is in a normal state.

48
Q

Parietal lobe

A

One of the four parts of each hemisphere of the cerebrum.

49
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost layer of meninges.

50
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brainstem that controls certain respiratory functions.

51
Q

Receptor

A

Tissue or organ that receives nerve impulses.

52
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that receives and processes sensory input from various parts of the body.

53
Q

Spinal cord

A

Ropelike tissue that sits inside the vertebral column and from which spinal nerves extend.

54
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Any of 31 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord and the torso and extremities.

55
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything that arouses a response.

56
Q

Subdural space

A

Area between the dura mater and the pia mater across which that arachnoid mater runs.

57
Q

Sulcus

A

Fissure; one of many indentations of the cerebrum.

58
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is under stress.

59
Q

Synapse

A

Space over which nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another.

60
Q

Temporal lobe

A

One of the four parts of each hemisphere of the cerebrum.

61
Q

Terminal end fibers

A

Group of fibers at the end of an axon that passes the impulses leaving the neuron to the next neuron.

62
Q

Thalamus

A

One of the four parts of the diencephalon; serves as a sensory relay station.

63
Q

Ventral thalamus

A

One of the four parts of the diencephalon; serves as a sensory relay station.

64
Q

Ventricle

A

Cavity in the brain for cerebrospinal fluid.

Medical Terminology (28 decks)

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