Chapter 8: Nervous System

Question 1

Functions of NS:

Answer 1

-maintains homeostasis (internal environment)
-sensory receptors
-information
-control activities (muscles & glands)
-mental activities

Question 2

What are the 2 structures of the Nervous System?

Answer 2

-Central Nervous System
-Peripheral Nervous System

Question 3

What is the CNS made of?

Answer 3

-brain
-brainstem
-spinal cord

Question 4

What is the brainstem made of?

Answer 4

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 5

WHERE is the brainstem located?

Answer 5

located between brain & spinal cord

Question 6

What is the PNS made of?

Answer 6

-cranial nerves (cranium; 12 pairs)
-spinal nerves (bilateral; 31 pairs)
-peripheral nerves
-sensory receptors

Question 7

What is a neuron?

Answer 7

neuron = nerve cell

Question 8

Sensory neuron (Afferent); function classification

Answer 8

relays action potential to CNS

Question 9

Association neuron (Interneuron)

Answer 9

located between sensory and motor neurons

Question 10

Motor neuron (Efferent)

Answer 10

relays action potential AWAY from CNS to effector (like a muscle)

Question 11

Unipolar (pseudo-unipolar) neuron:

Answer 11

has ONE projection… on cell body

Question 12

Bipolar neuron:

Answer 12

has TWO projection… on cell body

Question 13

Multipolar neuron:

Answer 13

has MORE THAN TWO projections… on cell body

Question 14

What’s the anatomy of a MULTIPOLAR neuron?

Answer 14

-cell body, AKA Soma
-dendrites
-axon
-myelin sheath

Question 15

What is the cell body?

Answer 15

contains organelles; AKA, soma

Question 16

What are dendrites?

Answer 16

short extensions that carry info to cell body

Question 17

What is an axon?

Answer 17

long extension that carries info AWAY from cell body

Question 18

What is soma also known as? (AKA)

Answer 18

cell body

Question 19

What is myelin sheath?

Answer 19

insulate & increase the speed of action potential

Question 20

NOW… what are glial cells?

Answer 20

specialized cells

Question 21

What are the 6 glial cells?

Answer 21

-Microglial cell
-Astrocyte
-Ependymal cell
-Choroid plexus
-Oligodendrocyte
-Schwann cell

Question 22

What are microglial cells?

Answer 22

specialized CNS macrophages (they kill micro-organisms and infection) AKA, the immune cell

Question 23

What are astrocytes?

Answer 23

star-shaped cells; are BBB (blood-brain-barrier)

Question 24

What is BBB, again?

Answer 24

blood-brain-barrier

Question 25

What is ependymal cell?

Answer 25

line cavities of brain & spinal cord (AKA ventricles and central canal) -help circulate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 26

AND... What is CSF?

Answer 26

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 27

What is choroid plexus?

Answer 27

produces CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 28

What is the oligodendrocyte?

Answer 28

produces myelin sheath for CNS

Question 29

What is the Schwann cell?

Answer 29

produces myelin sheath for PNS

Question 30

White matter:

Answer 30

has myelinated axon for CNS

Question 31

Grey matter:

Answer 31

has cell body, dendrites, and un-myelinated axon for PNS

Question 32

BONUS: why would a patient have multiple sclerosis?

Answer 32

because they have damaged their myelin sheath (ALSO, it's important to note where the damage took place... CNS or PNS area?)

Question 33

within the BRAIN, where is white matter found?

Answer 33

medial (central) aspect

Question 34

within the BRAIN, where is grey matter found?

Answer 34

peripheral aspect

Question 35

inside the SPINAL CORD, where is white matter found?

Answer 35

peripheral aspect

Question 36

inside the SPINAL CORD, where is grey matter found?

Answer 36

medial (central) aspect