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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 12: Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is a heart?

A

organ made of cardiovascular muscle that pumps blood

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2
Q

4 functions of heart:

A

Generate blood pressure
Routes Blood (forward)
One way blood flow
Regulate blood supply

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3
Q

Again… in what direction is blood flowing?

A

only FORWARD; one-direction

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4
Q

What are the 3 circuits of the body?

A

Pulmonary
Systemic
Coronary

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5
Q

Pulmonary circuit:

A

moves blood between the heart and the lungs

-transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide ——–> THEN makes oxygenated blood which then flows back to the heart.

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6
Q

Systemic circuit

A

sends blood from heart -> system -> back to heart

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7
Q

Coronary circuit

A

blood moved into blood vessels -> back to chamber of heart (blood moves to working muscle of heart)

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8
Q

Location of heart?

A

LEFT of thoracic cavity and space between lungs (mediastinum)

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9
Q

What is an apex?

A

inferior point of the 5th intercostal space; TAPERED blunt/rounded point of cone

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10
Q

What are the 2 broad regions of the heart?

A

base & apex

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11
Q

Base of heart (what is it?)

A

superior of heart;
located around 2nd intercostal space

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12
Q

Apex of heart (what is it?)

A

inferior and tapered end of heart;
located around 5th intercostal space

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13
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardium called?

A

serous pericardium

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14
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium called?

A

fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

What 2 membranes does the serous pericardium contain?

A

Parietal (lining cavity of heart)
Visceral (surface layer of heart)

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16
Q

The heart is made of 3 layers. What are they?

A

Epicardium (outermost/surface)
Myocardium (middle)
Endocardium (deepest)

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17
Q

The outermost layer is called…

A

epicardium

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18
Q

The deepest layer is called…

A

endocardium

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19
Q

The middle layer is called…

A

myocardium

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20
Q

What about the endocardium?

A

Deepest layer that lines the chambers of the heart

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21
Q

ALSO… What is found within the endocardium?

A

pectinate muscles (in atrium)
trabeculae carnae (in ventricles)
[BOTH are muscular ridges]

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22
Q

What about the myocardium?

A

thickest layer & where cardiac muscles are found

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23
Q

How many chambers does the human heart have?

A

4
(2 atria -> upper chamber)
(2 ventricles ->lower chamber)

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24
Q

What are the 4 GREAT blood vessels in the heart?

A
  • Aorta
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Pulmonary trunk
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25
Where does the SUPERIOR vena cava bring blood from?
bring blood from brain, head, neck (basically, upper region)
26
Where does the INFERIOR vena cava bring blood from?
brings blood from pelvis, abdomen, lower extremities (lower region)
27
There are the other 2 names for the left AV valve. What are they? HINT: bm(o)
Bicuspid/Mitral
28
What's the right AV valve called? HINT: T______d
Tricuspid
29
The right atrium has 3 blood vessels. What are they?
superior vena cava inferior vena cava coronary sinus
30
The left atrium has 4 blood veins. What are they
2 left pulmonary veins 2 right pulmonary veins
31
What is found between the atria AFTER BIRTH? HINT: its a wall called...
Interatrial septum occurs AFTER BIRTH, then it closes off... but if not, it can cause complications like ASD
32
BEFORE birth, there is no wall/interatrial septum, instead, there is a hole, or also known as a ______
foramen
33
Which chamber receives blood from the atria?
the ventricles
34
What is the wall found between the ventricles? HINT: it's also a septum
interventricular septum; NOT FOUND IN ATRIA OKAY! thats why its called intraVENTRICULAR... only found in ventricles
35
Within the ventricles, there are also heart valves and heart strings... What are these heart strings called?
Chordae Tendinae
36
What are chordae tendinae's?
heart strings that are found in ventricles; attached to RIGHT A/V valve; have muscle ends (papillary muscles)
37
Okay... to summarize, what are the 3 things associated w/ eachother that are found ONLY in the VENTRICLES?
chordae tendinae right AV valve papillary muscles
38
Imagine the heart... Does the LEFT side of the heart (remember patients left) provide O2 rich OR... poor blood?
Oxygen rich (bright red)
39
Does the RIGHT side of the heart have O2 rich or poor blood?
Oxygen poor (blue/dark red)
40
What type of blood does the superior vena cava have?
O2 poor blood
41
What type of blood does the inferior vena cava have?
O2 poor blood
42
What type of blood does the pulmonary trunk have?
O2 poor blood
43
What type of blood does the aorta have?
O2 rich blood (because its on the left side of heart)
44
What kind of circulation does the aorta move blood in?
systemic circulation
45
Tricuspid valve; how many cusps & what is it AKA?
3 cusps (tri) aka, RIGHT A/V valve
46
Bicuspid valve; how many cusps & what is it AKA?
2 cusps (bi) aka, LEFT AV valve or MITRAL
47
When blood moves INWARD of LEFT VENTRICLE, does the chordae tendinae have low or high tension?
LOW tension
48
again.. in LEFT VENTRICLE, what does ventricular diastole mean?
relaxation of ventricles & AV is open + papillary muscles are relaxed
49
So does that mean that volume is increased/decreased within ventricles? (if it's in the relaxed state of ventricular diastole)
increased
50
What are the two types of heart-sounds in ventricular diastole?
S1 (when heart valces are closed) S2 (when semilunar valves close)
51
What heart sounds do semilunar valves have?
S2 because they close
52
How about when blood flows OUT of left ventricle? What is it called and what does it do instead of dilating/opening?
Ventricle systole; contraction of heart valves w/ use of pressure
53
Ventricle systole
when blood flows out -> contraction of heart valves
54
Ventricle diastole
when blood moves in -> relaxation/dilation of heart valves
55
Formula for calculating BP (blood pressure)
SP ____ = mmHg DP
56
Formula for Pulse Pressure (PP)
DP - SP btw, DP means diastole SP means systole
57
What is the end volume of VD abbreviated as?
EDV (endialostic valve) by the way, it will be bigger because relaxation occurs
58
What is the end volume of VS abbreviated as?
ESV (end volume is smaller because it contracts)
59
What is volume moved into the aorta called?
stroke volume (SV)
60
How is stroke volume calculated?
SV=EDV-ESV
61
EXAMPLE (EDV is) 110 ml - (ESV is) 60 ml = SV
SV=50 ml
62
What is the echocardium used for?
measures ventricular volumes
63
ORDER of blood flow through the heart
1. Right atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. Pulmonary trunk 4. Left atrium 5. Left ventricle 6. Aorta
64
3 branches of LEFT coronary artery?
Left marginal artery Circumflux artery Anterior interventricular artery
65
2 branches of RIGHT coronary artery?
Right marginal artery Posterior intraventricular artery
66
Electrical system of heart w/ action potential ORDER 1-5: HINT: SAARP Sasha Ate A Ring Pop
1. superior atrium [**Sinoatrial node**) 2. between atrium & ventricle [**Atrioventricular node**] 3. AV bundle 4. Right and Left bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers
67
B2B to electrical system, we mentioned SINOATRIAL NODE... what is even that?
determines heart-rate & is a NATURAL pace-maker
68
And in order to replace the SA (sinoatrial node), what do doctors or nurses use instead?
artificial pace-maker
69
What is ECG or EKG non-abbreviated?
Electrocardiogram
70
What is P-wave?
atrial depolarization (contraction)
71
What is T-wave?
ventricular repolarization (relaxation)
72
What is QRS complex?
ventricular depolarization

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (13 decks)

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