Chapter 10: Endocrine System PT 1

Question 1

what are chemicals called in the endocrine system?

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

what are hormones?

Answer 2

chemicals that enter bloodstream and secrete to a specific target, like tissues or organs

Question 3

2 types of hormones?

Answer 3

water-soluble (most common) & lipid-soluble

Question 4

BONUS: what are chemicals in the nervous system called?

Answer 4

neurotransmitters

Question 5

10 functions of the Endocrine system:

Answer 5

-REGULATES BASAL METABOLISM (thyroid hormones)

-DIGESTION (G-cells responsible for Gastrin which is a hormone to produce hydrochloric acid)

-TISSUE GROWTH/DEVELOPMENT

-REGULATES ION LEVELS

-CONTROL OF WATER BALANCE (MVA patient)

-REGULATES HEART FUNCTION (ANP)

-CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE/NUTRIENTS (insulin)

-CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION

-UTERINE CONTRACTION & MILK RELEASE

-IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION (thymosin)

Question 6

in terms of one of the functions (uterine contraction/delivery of babies) WHAT HORMONE does it need?

Answer 6

oxytocin OR PITOCIN (same thing)

Question 7

Why would the mom need pitocin?

Answer 7

she isn’t producing enough oxytocin, so she needs pitocin to help contract her own uterus (for baby)

Question 8

B2B, in terms of the same function (but now milk RELEASE), WHAT HORMONE IS USED?

Answer 8

For milk Release = oxytocin

Question 9

what about milk PRODUCTION, what hormone is needed?

Answer 9

prolactin is used for milk production

Question 10

BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION, what are the 3 main sex hormones?

Answer 10

testosterone (male)
estrogen, progesterone (both female)

Question 11

BACK TO cardiovascular/heart function, what hormone is needed?

Answer 11

ANP, or Atriopeptin

Question 12

In terms of control of water balance, what hormone is used AND what is its function?

Answer 12

ADH, anti-diuretic hormone

AND… its AGAINST water-loss
(so if its elevated, it saves water and if its decreased, it loses it)

Question 13

Scenario #1:
patient gets in MVA or car accident
they lose blood
so that means their ADH is ______?

Answer 13

lost… so their ADH must be increased

Question 14

Scenario #2:
patient gets sent to hospital
they are finally stabilized
so that means their ADH must be _______?

Answer 14

high… because they’re no longer losing blood

Question 15

If patient needs to lose water in their body, then that means ADH must be ________ (increased/decreased)?

Answer 15

decreased

WHY?
because ADH is against water-loss

Question 16

Scenario #3:
later, patient urinates and their pee is lower of concentration of water but solutes are high…
do they have DILUTED or CONCENTRATED urine?

Answer 16

they have concentrated urine

(concentrated= low in H20 & high in solutes)

Question 17

What does dilute urine look like?

Answer 17

high in H20 & low in solutes

Question 18

LAST FUNCTION…
what hormone does the immune system need?

Answer 18

thymosin

Question 19

Tell me about water-soluble hormones… is there any binding & where are they located?

Answer 19

NO BINDING of proteins (because water travels well in blood)

found inside CELL MEMBRANE

Question 20

Tell me about lipid-soluble hormones… is there any binding & where are they located?

Answer 20

YES to binding (because they don’t travel well in liquid, think of oil mixed with water)

found on CYTOPLASM & NUCLEUS of cell

Question 21

What is positive-feedback?

Answer 21

increases hormone process
EX: giving birth

Question 22

What is negative-feedback?

Answer 22

decrease hormone process AND MOST COMMON
EX: production of thyroid hormones or regulating temperature

*just because it says negative, does not mean its a harmful feedback, its purpose is to maintain homeostasis

Question 23

Between positive and negative feedback, which one is MOST common?

Answer 23

negative-feedback

Question 24

Inside negative-feedback process, what role does the hypothalamus have?

Answer 24

Hypothalamus produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; T3 AND T4) to —-> thyroid gland

Question 25

What is T3/T4?

Answer 25

thyroid hormones that indicate # of minerals/iodine

Question 26

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 26

area of brain that produces 3 releasing hormones

Question 27

What are the 3 hormones released in hypothalamus?

Answer 27

-growth hormone releasing hormone -ADH (antidiuretic hormone) -oxytocin

Question 28

ANTERIOR of pituitary gland, what hormones are produced?

Answer 28

releasing/stimulating hormones

Question 29

POSTERIOR of pituitary gland, what hormones are released?

Answer 29

ADH & oxytocin

Question 30

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 30

produces melatonin & regulates sleep-wake cycle

Question 31

What does the thyroid hormone produce?

Answer 31

produces T3/T4 & calcitonin

Question 32

BONUS: Does atrophy naturally shrink or reduce in size?

Answer 32

YES, it does shrink naturally

Question 33

BONUS: Adrenal glands are also known as _______ glands

Answer 33

Suprarenal glands

Question 34

Inside the Adrenal cortex, what 3 hormones are produced?

Answer 34

-Aldosterone Cortisol -Androgen

Question 35

Inside the Adrenal medulla, what is being produced?

Answer 35

-Epinephrine -Stress hormones

Question 36

What kind of stress occurs in adrenal cortex?

Answer 36

chronic stress

Question 37

What kind of stress occurs in adrenal medulla?

Answer 37

acute stress

Question 38

What is being specifically produced in the endocrine gland?

Answer 38

producing estrogen & progesterone

Question 39

What is being specifically produced in the exocrine gland?

Answer 39

producing digestive enzymes & SPERM CELLS like egg (oocyte)

Question 40

What is oogenesis?

Answer 40

process of egg production (exocrine function)

Question 41

What is spermatogen?

Answer 41

process of sperm production (exocrine function)

Question 42

What are the 3 structures with dual function?

Answer 42

pancreas testes ovaries

Question 43

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the ANTERIOR pituitary gland (where releasing hormones are located)?

Answer 43

by the HYPO-THALAMO-HYPO-PHYSIAL portal system !!! (hypothalamohypophysial) (also make sure SPELLING IS CORRECT)

Question 44

how does the hypothalamus produce the 2 hormones (ADH & OXYTOCIN) to POSTERIOR pituitary gland?

Answer 44

by collection of axons in CNS OR... hypothalamohypophysial TRACT (say that)

Question 45

4 examples of releasing hormones found in hypothalamus?

Answer 45

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin releasing hormones EDIT AMYYYYYYYYYYY CHECK PRESENTATION FOR THIS !!11wuirewhuwheuhrwtrneifejkn

Question 46

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)... (tell me about it!)

Answer 46

***Produces Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -stimulates adrenal cortex -releases cortisol (manages chronic stress)

Question 47

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) (tell me about it)

Answer 47

***Produces growth hormone -bone/muscle growth

Question 48

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer 48

***Produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -stimulates thyroid gland -releases thyroid hormone to T3 & T4

Question 49

What are sex organs ALSO called?

Answer 49

Gonads (male; testes female; ovaries)

Question 50

What are sex CELLS called?

Answer 50

Gamets (male; sperm cells female; oocyte)

Question 51

Gonadotropin releasing hormones (tell me about it)

Answer 51

-stimulates ANT pit gland ***produces 2 hormones; FSH (follicle) & LH (luteinizing hormone)

Question 52

What does FSH do?

Answer 52

stimulates [oogenesis w/ ovaries] & [spermatogenesis w/ testes]

Question 53

What is gametogenesis? (medical term)

Answer 53

gamet production

Question 54

What does LH do? (hint: 2 functions)

Answer 54

promote sex hormone production & promote ovulation in females

Question 55

Within the LH (Luteinizing hormone), what does LH surge mean?

Answer 55

LH surge (mid-cycle... so 14 days because total of menstrual cycle is 28 days) is the release of mature oocytes AFTER ovulation

Question 56

Back to releasing hormones... when you breastfeed, you're releasing which hormone?

Answer 56

prolactin (LACT=LACTOSE)

Question 57

When breastfeeding, you will release prolactin, but WHAT BODY PART does it TARGET?

Answer 57

BREAST TISSUES in order to produce milk PRODUCTION

Question 58

Back to releasing hormones, when being in front of an increase of sun exposure, what hormone is involved?

Answer 58

Melanocyte SH (MSH)

Question 59

What do melanocyte SH (MSH) target?

Answer 59

it targets MELANOCYTES and produces melanin

Question 60

Again, in terms of breast milk production... what hormone is used?

Answer 60

Prolactin

Question 61

and to SECRETE breast milk? What hormone is used?

Answer 61

oxytocin (which also has 2 functions; uterine contraction & milk secretion)