Chapter 6: Skeletal Flashcards by Amy Guzman

Components of system:

bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments

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What are cartilages?

found at tips of long bones

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What are tendons?

attach skeletal muscles to bones

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What are ligaments?

attach bone to bone

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What are ALL cartilages, tendons, and ligaments considered?

connective tissues

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Functions of the skeletal system:

-body support
-organ production
-body movement
-mineral storage
-blood cell production within RED BONE MARROW

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Bone histology:

bones are surrounded by extracellular matrix

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collagen:

fibrous protein, provides flexibility but resists pulling

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ground substance:

contains proteoglycans (water-tapping that helps cartilage be smooth/resilient)

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What are examples of bone cells?

-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts

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What are osteoblasts?

immature bone cells; forms bone matrix AKA ossification

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What are osteocytes?

mature bone cells; maintains bone matrix

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What are osteoclasts?

destructive; breaks down bone matrix (removes calcium)

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Trabecular bone

spongy/cancellous bone

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What is traberculae? (NOT trabecular)

interconnecting rods/plates of bone that RESEMBLE cancerous cells but ARE NOT!

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Compact bone:

found on outer edge of long bone; repeated single units with OSTEONS

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What does an osteon contain?

central canal (contains blood vessels that bring nutrients to bone cells), lacuna (which are pits/spaces that contain osteocytes) and lamella (STORES calcium ions)

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T/F: Spongy contains osteons

FALSE; only compact bone contains osteons

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T/F: both spongy and compact bone have osteocytes

TRUE :) and osteocytes are found in the lacuna

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Bone structure:

-long (L>W; bones of upper/lower extremities… like fingerbone)
-short bone (L=W; bones of wrist)
-flat bone (W>L; skull)
-irregular bone (ex: sphenoid or butterfly bone in skull) !!!
-sesamoid bone (small bone thats within in tendon near joint)

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Epiphisis:

end of the long bone (tips); proximal & distal

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Diaphysis:

shaft of bone; has medullary cavity w/ lining called endosteum

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What is the outer part/covering of shaft called?

perinostenum (connective)

Epiphylseal plate:

AKA growth plate (kids w/ puberty)

Epiphyseal line:

when growth is finished (older adults)

Ossification (is the)

bone formation

What are the Fontanelles?

soft spot membranes that are NOT BONES yet (babies head)

What are the 2 types of bone formation?

-Intramembranous ossification -Endochondral ossification

What is endochondrial ossification?

taking pre-existing cartilage

What is intramembranous ossification?

taking pre-existing membrane (ex: babies head/skull)

What is bone repair in ORDER?

1. Hematoma formation 2. Callus formation 3. Callus ossification (forms bone tissue) 4. Bone remodeling

Where is calcium stored in?

calcium is stored within the BONES

Upper limit of calcium:

if calcium level reaches ABOVE range (Hypercalcimia)

Lower limit of calcium:

if calcium level falls BELOW range (Hypocalcemia)

What happens if there is hypercalcimia?

body will store extra in skeletal system w/ help of hormone called calcitonin

What does calcitonin do?

slows bone resorption

What happens if there is hypocalcimia?

stimulates breakdown of bone tissue w/ parathyroid hormones (PTH; forms osteoclasts) and stimulates kidneys/guts

What is included within Axial skeleton?

-skull -mandible (lower jaw;NOT APART OF SKULL) -hyoid bone (for muscle attachment) -sternum (breast bone) -ribs -vertebral column -sacrum -coccyx (tailbone)

What is included in Appendicular skeleton?

-clavicle (collarbone) -scapula (scapula) -humerus (lateral of shoulder)

How many carpal bones in the wrist are there?

8 (4 in proximal & 4 in distal)

What is the 1st digit?

the thumb (and pinkie is the 5th)

What does the palm have in terms of bones?

5 meta-carpal bones

How many phalangeal bones does EACH hand have?

14 phalangeal bones

2-5 digits (excluding 1, thumb) have what kind of bones?

2-5 digits have the milflangial bones

What 3 bones are made in the hip bone?

-pubis (anterior) -ilium (superior; forms crest of hip bone) -iscium (posterior & inferior) !

Femur:

thigh bone

patella

knee-cap

tibia

medial leg-bone

fibula

lateral leg bone

tarsal

(7 bones) on foot; include calcaneus bone

metatarsal

5; form arch of foot

phalanges

14, aka toes

If each hand/foot has 14 bones, how is it situated on the hand in terms of what finger/toe has how many #?

digits 2-5 have 3 bones & digit 1 has 2 (3 x4=12 and plus the 2 in the thumb)

4 Features of the bones

-head (enlarged end) -neck (constriction between head & body) -condyle (smooth & rounded surface) -face (small flattened surface)

4 Projections of bone

-process -tubercle (small rounded bump) -tuberosity (knob; seen on ischeum) -tronchanter (ONLY tuberosity on proximal femur)

Natural Openings of bones

-Foramen: hole (foramen rotundem & ovale) -Canal/meatus: tunnel

Fossa

=bone depression