Chapter 11: Blood Flashcards by Amy Guzman

Functions:

-transport respiratory gases, nutrients, & waste products
-transport processed nutrients (vitamin D)
-transport of hormones
-regulation of pH & osmosis (urinary & resp. system)
-body temperature (warm blood=produces heat)
-protect against infection (w/ WBC)
-clot formation (reduce blood-loss)

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Which portion is found at the bottom of a test-tube blood sample?

formed elements

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What type of blood cells does formed elements contain?

RBC (which carry O2 & Co2), WBC, and platelets

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What is the LIGHT PORTION found in upper tube of blood sample?

Plasma

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What type of blood cells does plasma have?

Leukocytes (for immunity) AND thrombocytes/platelets (form blood clots)

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List all five WBC (Leukocytes) in order from MOST abundant to LEAST :

Nancy Let (her pet) Monkey Eat Bananas

Neutrophils (MOST ABUNDANT)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils (LEAST ABUNDANT)

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List 3 items in plasma MOST TO LEAST ABUNDANT

We Put On (Plasma)

Water
Proteins
Other solutes

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What are the 3 proteins in plasma?

Albumins (most common)
Globulins (immunoglobulins/antibodies)
Fibrinogen (inactive; stabilizes blood cloot)

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Speaking about fibrinogen, what is its active form?

HINT: it’s similar to the name, just shorter

fibrin (active form of fibrinogen)

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Within plasma, we mentioned that there is water, protein, and OTHER SOLUTES. What are they?

nutrients
ions
waste products
gases
regulatory substances (hormones)

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TRUE/FALSE:
RBC’s can have granulocytes and agranulocytes

FALSE

only WBC have granulocytes and agranulocytes

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What are granulocytes?

cytoplasm that has large granules & have
lobed nuclei

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What are 3 types of granulocytes?

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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What are agranulocytes?

cytoplasm contains NO granules

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What are thrombocytes/platelets?

NOT A REAL CELL… only cell fragments that produce blood clots & is made with large nucleus (megakaryocytes)

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AGAIN… What is a megakaryocyte?

what makes up thrombocytes as it’s the large nucleus

MEGA—>large
KARY—>nucleus
OCYTE—>cell

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What is a thombus?

stationary blood clot

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What is an embolus:

blood clot that moves through body

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What condition among the veins MAY cause pulmonary thrombosis?

Deep vein thrombosis –> pulmonary embolism
[DVT—>PE]

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What stem cells may hemocytoblast become?

myeloid or lymphoid

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What does a myeloid stem cell consist of?

RBC, megakaryocyte, platelet, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte…

BASICALLY ALL BLOOD CELLS except lymphocyte!

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What does a lymphoid stem cell consists of?

lymphocytes (duh)

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AGAIN… DVT may cause what kind of blood clot?

embolus… aka pulmonary embolism (blood clot is moving thru body)

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What does a MATURE RBC look like?

NO nucleus or organelles
INSTEAD… it has proteins that carry respiratory gases, like hemoglobin! :)

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How long does a mature RBC last?

circulates for 120 days OR about 4 months (do the math)

What is a biconcave disk?

mature RBC (no longer a perfect red circle)

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has how many alpha and gamma chains?

2 alpha chains 2 gamma chains

Adult hemoglobin (HbA) has how many alpha chains and BETA chains?

2 alpha chains 2 beta chains

What element is found in the center of a hemoglobin?

Iron (Fe)

What is the maximum capacity that a Hb (hemoglobin) can hold of oxygen?

4 units

OH AND... What is a Hb called when it holds oxygen (O2)?

Oxyhemoglobin

What is bilirubin?

yellow pigment on skin, AKA jaundice (sclera of eye is yellow)

In terms of jaundice in baby... What does it mean for it to be physiological?

2-3 days AFTER birth; is completely normal (why? because bilirubin is not mature yet)

In terms of jaundice in baby... What about pathological?

disease

Once again, what are the granulocytes?

Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil (BEN)

Describe basophil:

large, dark blue/black stained; LEAST COMMON; releases histamin & heparin

Describe eosinophil:

large pink/red stained; reduce inflammation & destroys parasites

Describe neutrophil:

small, lightly stained; 3-5 lobed nucleus

What are agranulocytes?

have granules NOT visible under microscope

What are the 2 agranulocytes?

lymphocytes (smallest w/ large round nucleus) and monocytes (largest w/ kidney-shaped nucleus; lacks cytoplasmic grains; magcrophages)

Which is the smaller agranulocyte? Lymphocytes or Monocytes?

Lymphocyte

Moving on to thrombocytes/platelets... What are they again?

cell fragments (NOT a real cell) made out of megakaryocytes

Within the clotting cascade, how many pathways are there?

Intristic & extrinstic (2)

What factor in the clotting cascade allows these 2 pathways to meet?

Factor X (10)

Within the clotting cascade, speak about fibrinogen and fibrin...

FIRST... fibrinogen is taken and converted into fibrin, which moves into a platelet and THROMBIN is what makes fibrin (***)

What are the 4 factors that require Vitamin K?

Factor II (2) Factor VII (7) Factor IX (9) Factor X (10)

What if we lack any of those 4 factors in the clotting cascade?

if we lack them, they lead to bleeding disorders

What if you lack factor VIII (8)?

hemophilia A

What if you lack factor IX (9)?

hemophilia B

When removing/dissolving blood clot, we need to use _____? HINT: starts with P

Plasmin

Is plasmin active OR non-active?

active form

Is plasminogen active OR non-active?

un-active form

But... how does plasminogen convert to plasmic?

by tPA (clot-buster)

What do surface antigens do? (Ag)

determine blood type ps... they come from formed elements

What is the Ag-Ab complex?

forms clump, AKA Agglutination not bueno

EX: Surface Ag [A] - Anti [A] Ab good or bad?

BAD! have matching letters

EX: Surface Ag [A] - Anti [B] Ag

GOOD! what we need

Antigen A=

Anti-B antibody

Antigen B=

Anti-A antibody

Antigen A & B=

NEITHER Anti-A/B antibodies

Neither A/B antigen=

Anti-A/B antibodies (basically opposite of every each one)

If Rh is present on RBC, what does that mean?

blood type is positive (if there's no Rh, then its negative)

Blood type O?

lacks surface antigens A & B

Rh factor is inherited by...

Autosomal Dominant (Rh+ is dominant & Rh- is recessive)

TRUE/FALSE It only takes ONE parent with Rh+ to make fetus also, Rh+

True! if dad is Rh+, then baby is the same

After 1st pregnancy, mom needs to take ______ to prevent antigen to spread into fetus & form clumps

Rhogam (why? because 2nd pregnancy is riskier)

During the 1st pregnancy, mom dad and baby are ALL Rh- does this pose any cause of concern?

NO, because there are no differences within anyones Rh

What is Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)?

Rh- mom & Rh+ fetus... which means that dad is Rh+ ***the incompatibility of Rh... which can pose concern and cause HDN