Chapter 8 - Nervous System Flashcards
pan-
all; total
para-
beside; beyond; around; abnormal
cephal/o
head
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
dur/o
dura mater; hard
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
sensation; sensitivity; feeling
gangli/o
ganglion
ganion/o
ganglion
gli/o
glia; gluey substance
mening/o
meninges
meningi/o
meninges
ment/o
mind
myel/o
spinal cord
phas/o
speech
quadr/i
four
radic/o
nerve root
radicul/o
nerve root
rhiz/o
nerve root
-genic
producing; originating; causing
-iatrist
specialist; physician
-iatry
specialty; treatment
-ictal
seizure; attack
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
all nervous tissue that is outside of the brain and spinal cord
neurons
responsible for the computation and communication; release chemical signals to target cells
glial cells or glia
supporting role for nervous tissue
soma
cell body of neuron
axon
fiber that connect a neuron with its target
dendrites
responsible for receiving most of the input from other neurons
gray matter
regions with many cell bodies and dendrites
white matter
regions with many axons
cerebrum
region of the adult brain that develops from the telencephalon; responsible for higher neurological functions (memory, emotion, and consciousness)
cerebral cortex
covers the cerebrum in a continuous layer of gray matter that wraps around either side of the forebrain
thalamus
collection of nuclei that relay information between the cerebral cortex and the periphery, spinal cord, or brainstem
hypothalamus
region of the forebrain below the thalamus; function in both autonomic and endocrine systems; regulates homeostasis
unipolar cells
one process emerging from the cell; only found in invertebrate animals
bipolar cells
2 processes which extend from each end of the cell body, opposite to each other
multipolar neurons
neurons that are not unipolar or bipolar
somatic nervous system (SNS)
responsible for conscious perception and voluntary motor responses
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
responsible for involuntary control of the body, usually for the sake of homeostasis
enteric nervous system (ENS)
responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive system
AD
alzheimer’s disease
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
EEG
electroencephalogram
EP studies
evoked potential studies
LP
lumbar puncture
MS
multiple sclerosis
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
PD
parkinson’s disease
PET
positron emission tomography
SAH
subarachnoid hemorrhage
TIA
transient ischemic attack
stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
loss of blood flow to part of the brain
ischemic stroke
loss of blood flow to an area because blood vessels are blocked or narrowed
hemorrhagic stroke
bleeding into the brain because of a damaged blood vessel
afferent nerves
carry sensory signals (nerve impulses) toward the central nervous fro the periphery
aphasia
loss of language function
arachnoid mater
middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web-like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater
astrocyte
glial cell type of CNS that provides support for neurons and maintains the blood-brain barrier
axon hillock
tapering of the neuron cell body that gives rise to the axon
axon segment
single stretch of the axon insulated by myelin and bounded by nodes of Ranvier at either end
axon terminal
end of the axon
axoplasm
cytoplasm of an axon
babinski sign
dorsiflexion of the foot with extension and splaying of the toes in response to the plantar reflex, normally suppressed by corticospinal input
blood-barrier (BBB)
physiological barrier between the circulatory system and CNS that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS
broca’s area
region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production
brodmann’s areas
mapping of regions of the cerebral cortex based on microscopic anatomy that relates specific areas to functional differences
cauda equina
bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and lie within the vertebral cavity
caudate
nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei
central sulcus
surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the frontal parietal lobes
cephalgia
pain in the head
cerebral angiography
process of recording the blood vessels of the cerebrum
cerebral hemisphere
one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum
cerebral thrombosis
formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel within the skull
choroid plexus
specialized structure containing ependymal cells that line blood capillaries and filter blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid in the 4 ventricles of the brain
corpus callosum
large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
descending tract
carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery
diencephalon
includes thalamus and hypothalamus
dorsal (posterior) nerve root
axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord
efferent nerves
nerve tissue that carries impulses away from CNS towards peripheral that result in motor response
embolus
obstruction such as a blood clot or plaque that blocks the flow of blood in an artery or vein
ependymal cell
glial cell type in the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid
foramen magnum
large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium
frontal lobe
region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium
glioblastoma
CNS tumor composed of developing glial tissue
glioma
tumor that begins in the glial tissue
gyrus
ridge formed by convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum
hydrocephalus
abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to stimuli
integration
nervous system function that combines sensory perceptions and higher cognitive functions to produce a response
initial segment
first part of axon as it emerges from the axon hillock, where the electrical signals are generated
longitudinal fissure
large separation along the midline between the 2 cerebral hemispheres
meningocele
protrusion of the meninges
meningomyelocele
protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord
microalgia
smaller than other glial cells; ingest and digest cells or pathogens that cause disease
midbrain
portion of brainstem above pons; assists in motor reflexes associated with visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli
mononeuropathy
disease affecting a single peripheral nerve
myelin sheath
lipid-rich layer of insulation around axon; facilitates transmission of electrical signals
olfaction
sense of smell
pia mater
thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that covers the surface of CNS
poliomyelitis
acute infection by poliovirus
pons
responsible for regulating several crucial functions, including cardiovascular and respiratory systems
