Chapter 14 - Endocrine System Flashcards
acr/o
extremities; height
calc/i
calcium
cortic/o
cortex; outer layer of a body organ
dips/o
thirst
glyc/o
sugar
endocrin/o
endocrine
kal/i
potassium
natr/o
sodium
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
-drome
run; running together
endocrine gland
secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid
exocrine system
glands release secretions through ducts
epinephrine
hormone that causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose; adrenaline
norepinephrine
chemical that can act as a neurotransmitter and hormone; released from adrenal gland in response to stress and low blood pressure; noradrenaline
autocrine
chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it
paracrine
cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment
amine hormones
derived from modification of amino acids; synthesized from tryptophan and tyrosine
peptide and protein hormones
consist of multiple amino acids that link to form an amino acid chain
steroid hormones
derived from lipid cholesterol
permissive effect
presence of one hormone enables another hormone to act
synergistic effect
two hormones with similar effects produce an amplified response
antagonistic effect
two hormones have opposing effects
posterior pituitary gland
stores hormones
anterior pituitary gland
originates from digestive tract in embryo and migrates toward brain during development; manufactures hormones
oxytocin
peptide-derived; stimulates uterine contractions and dilation of cervix
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
regulates solute concentration of blood
thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH)
released from anterior pituitary gland in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates production and maturation of sex cells (gametes)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
triggers ovulation in women and production of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries
prolactin (PRL)
promotes lactation
pineal gland
tiny gland whose functions are not clear; known to produce melatonin
thyroid gland
located anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx
parathyroid gland
tiny, round structures found embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland
adrenal glands
wedges of glandular and neuroendocrine tissue adhering to top of kidneys
acromegaly
abnormally high levels of growth hormone trigger growth of bones, cartilage, and body tissues
addison’s disease
causes low blood glucose levels and low blood sodium levels
cushing’s syndrome
high blood glucose levels and accumulation of lipid deposits on face and neck; caused by hypersecretion of cortisol
gigantism
abnormally high levels of growth hormone prompt excessive growth
hirsutism
excessive production of androgens (male sex hormones) causing hair growth in women
graves’ disease
disorder of thyroid gland; immune system attacks thyroid resulting in hyperthyroidism
adenosis
disease or abnormal change in a gland
hypopituitarism
disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland
panhypopituitarism
rare condition where pituitary gland stops making most or all hormones
