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Psychology 101 > Chapter 8: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

faculty for recalling past events/learning

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2
Q

encoding

A

recording of perceptual sensory data and transferring to brain

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3
Q

storage

A

retention of information for later use, placing info in sensory/working/long-term memory

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4
Q

retrival

A

recapturing memories into consciousness when necessary, activates hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

information processing model

A

sensory memory –> working memory –> long-term memory

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

.5 secs visual, 2-4 secs auditory, involves brief image or sound

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7
Q

working memory

A

30 secs, 5-9 items, temporarily held for analysis, implicates prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

long-term memory

A

relatively permanent/unlimited

activates hippocampus
activates cerebellum for implicit memories

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9
Q

parallel distributed-processing model (connectionist model)

A

info is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks

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10
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding of info w/ little conscious awareness/effort

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11
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding of info w/ careful attention+conscious effort

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12
Q

spacing effect

A

facilitated encoding of material through rehearsal situations spread out over time

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13
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of info to make sure it is encoded

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14
Q

phonological encoding

A

encoding using the sounds of things

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15
Q

visual code encoding

A

image of how things look

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16
Q

semantic code

A

cognitive representation of info/event based on the meaning of the info

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17
Q

mnemonic devices

A

techniques used to enhance meaningfulness of info to make it more memorable

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18
Q

schemas

A

knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences/other knowledge

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19
Q

storage

A

retention of info in working or long-term memory

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20
Q

capacity of mind

A

5 to 9 items at a time (Ebbinghaus, George Miller)

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21
Q

memory span

A

max number of items that can be recalled in the right order

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22
Q

chunking

A

grouping bits of info together to enhance ability to hold info (more info) in working memory

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23
Q

explicit memories

A

can be brought consciously to mind (hippocampus to neocortex)

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24
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of the world

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25
episodic memory
personal events/episodes from their life
26
implicit memories
not consciously aware of includes procedural, classical conditioning, priming memory (striatum)
27
search process
to retrieve info we focus on a specific question than scan all memories
28
activation process
to retrieve info we activate relevant info which expands to all associated pieces of info
29
retrieval cues
stimuli that reminds of info to retrieve from memory
30
priming
activation of 1 piece of info which activates other so on to ultimate retrieve specific memory
31
recognition tasks
memory task where ppl answer whether or not they have seen the presented object before
32
recall tasks
memory taks which ppl must produce info w/o little or no retrieval cues
33
state-dependent memory
retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind where 1st encoded info exciting or upsetting events tend to be retrieved easier than bland ones as there is more rehearsal, elaboration, organization gordon bower
34
flashbulb memory
detailed, near-permeant memories of an emotionally significant event
35
forgetting
the inability to recall info previously encoded in memory
36
decay theory
memories often fade away on their own b/c neglect/disuse cannot account for relearning being quicker than initial learning
37
interference theory
memory influenced by what happens to ppl before and after they take info in
38
proactive interference
competing info that is learned before the forgotten material prevents recall
39
retroactive interference
learning new info disrupts access to previously recalled info
40
motivated forgetting
forget unpleasant events
41
repression
process of unconsciously preventing traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not need to experience the anxiety or blows to self-concept
42
source misattribution
remembering info but not from the source it came from or remember things as true despite unreliable sources
43
misinformation
result in memory distortion or manufactured memories
44
effect of imagination
when ppl are repeatedly instructed to imagine a memory they can become real
45
neural networks
LTP can increase the chance that certain networks will respond strongly in the future enabling easier retrieval of some memories
46
proteins
ribonucleic acid +calcium in protein creation which help memories form
47
amnestic disorders
memory loss is the primary symptom
48
retorgrade amnesia
inability to remember things before an organic event
49
anterograde amnesia
ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event
50
dementia
severe memory problems combine w/ losses in at least one other cognitive function older women more likely than men, stroke increases risk
51
Alzheimer's Disease
most common form of dementia mild memory problems/lapses of attention --> problems completing tasks, remembering long-term memories appears different in men, less testosterone means more beta-amyloid
52
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted protein fibres found within cells of hippocampus, etc
53
senile plaques
spherical deposits of beta-amyloid b/w cells in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, nearby blood vessels
54
Causes of Alzheimer's
beta-amyloid and tau proteins take abnormal forms imbalance in calcium metabolism familial traits
55
dissociative disorders
psychological disorders characterized by major loss of memory w/o clear physical cause
56
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall important info, usually of an upsetting nature, while retaining implicit memory
57
dissociative fugue
loss of memory of personal identities /past life, flight to different location
58
dissociative identity disorder
development of sub personalities causes: self-hypnosis, misinformation, state-dependent memory
59
sub personalities
each has a unique set of memories, behaviours, thoughts, emotions
60
hyperthymesia
enhanced memory, an ability that allows people to remember nearly every event of their life with great precision

Psychology 101 (11 decks)

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