Chapter 8: Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

faculty for recalling past events/learning

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

recording of perceptual sensory data and transferring to brain

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

retention of information for later use, placing info in sensory/working/long-term memory

Question 4

retrival

Answer 4

recapturing memories into consciousness when necessary, activates hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Question 5

information processing model

Answer 5

sensory memory –> working memory –> long-term memory

Question 6

sensory memory

Answer 6

.5 secs visual, 2-4 secs auditory, involves brief image or sound

Question 7

working memory

Answer 7

30 secs, 5-9 items, temporarily held for analysis, implicates prefrontal cortex

Question 8

long-term memory

Answer 8

relatively permanent/unlimited

activates hippocampus
activates cerebellum for implicit memories

Question 9

parallel distributed-processing model (connectionist model)

Answer 9

info is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks

Question 10

automatic processing

Answer 10

encoding of info w/ little conscious awareness/effort

Question 11

effortful processing

Answer 11

encoding of info w/ careful attention+conscious effort

Question 12

spacing effect

Answer 12

facilitated encoding of material through rehearsal situations spread out over time

Question 13

rehearsal

Answer 13

conscious repetition of info to make sure it is encoded

Question 14

phonological encoding

Answer 14

encoding using the sounds of things

Question 15

visual code encoding

Answer 15

image of how things look

Question 16

semantic code

Answer 16

cognitive representation of info/event based on the meaning of the info

Question 17

mnemonic devices

Answer 17

techniques used to enhance meaningfulness of info to make it more memorable

Question 18

schemas

Answer 18

knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences/other knowledge

Question 19

storage

Answer 19

retention of info in working or long-term memory

Question 20

capacity of mind

Answer 20

5 to 9 items at a time (Ebbinghaus, George Miller)

Question 21

memory span

Answer 21

max number of items that can be recalled in the right order

Question 22

chunking

Answer 22

grouping bits of info together to enhance ability to hold info (more info) in working memory

Question 23

explicit memories

Answer 23

can be brought consciously to mind (hippocampus to neocortex)

Question 24

semantic memory

Answer 24

general knowledge of the world

Question 25

episodic memory

Answer 25

personal events/episodes from their life

Question 26

implicit memories

Answer 26

not consciously aware of
includes procedural, classical conditioning, priming memory (striatum)

Question 27

search process

Answer 27

to retrieve info we focus on a specific question than scan all memories

Question 28

activation process

Answer 28

to retrieve info we activate relevant info which expands to all associated pieces of info

Question 29

retrieval cues

Answer 29

stimuli that reminds of info to retrieve from memory

Question 30

priming

Answer 30

activation of 1 piece of info which activates other so on to ultimate retrieve specific memory

Question 31

recognition tasks

Answer 31

memory task where ppl answer whether or not they have seen the presented object before

Question 32

recall tasks

Answer 32

memory taks which ppl must produce info w/o little or no retrieval cues

Question 33

state-dependent memory

Answer 33

retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind where 1st encoded info

exciting or upsetting events tend to be retrieved easier than bland ones as there is more rehearsal, elaboration, organization

gordon bower

Question 34

flashbulb memory

Answer 34

detailed, near-permeant memories of an emotionally significant event

Question 35

forgetting

Answer 35

the inability to recall info previously encoded in memory

Question 36

decay theory

Answer 36

memories often fade away on their own b/c neglect/disuse

cannot account for relearning being quicker than initial learning

Question 37

interference theory

Answer 37

memory influenced by what happens to ppl before and after they take info in

Question 38

proactive interference

Answer 38

competing info that is learned before the forgotten material prevents recall

Question 39

retroactive interference

Answer 39

learning new info disrupts access to previously recalled info

Question 40

motivated forgetting

Answer 40

forget unpleasant events

Question 41

repression

Answer 41

process of unconsciously preventing traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not need to experience the anxiety or blows to self-concept

Question 42

source misattribution

Answer 42

remembering info but not from the source it came from or remember things as true despite unreliable sources

Question 43

misinformation

Answer 43

result in memory distortion or manufactured memories

Question 44

effect of imagination

Answer 44

when ppl are repeatedly instructed to imagine a memory they can become real

Question 45

neural networks

Answer 45

LTP can increase the chance that certain networks will respond strongly in the future enabling easier retrieval of some memories

Question 46

proteins

Answer 46

ribonucleic acid +calcium in protein creation which help memories form

Question 47

amnestic disorders

Answer 47

memory loss is the primary symptom

Question 48

retorgrade amnesia

Answer 48

inability to remember things before an organic event

Question 49

anterograde amnesia

Answer 49

ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event

Question 50

dementia

Answer 50

severe memory problems combine w/ losses in at least one other cognitive function

older women more likely than men, stroke increases risk

Question 51

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 51

most common form of dementia

mild memory problems/lapses of attention –> problems completing tasks, remembering long-term memories

appears different in men, less testosterone means more beta-amyloid

Question 52

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 52

twisted protein fibres found within cells of hippocampus, etc

Question 53

senile plaques

Answer 53

spherical deposits of beta-amyloid b/w cells in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, nearby blood vessels

Question 54

Causes of Alzheimer’s

Answer 54

beta-amyloid and tau proteins take abnormal forms

imbalance in calcium metabolism

familial traits

Question 55

dissociative disorders

Answer 55

psychological disorders characterized by major loss of memory w/o clear physical cause

Question 56

dissociative amnesia

Answer 56

inability to recall important info, usually of an upsetting nature, while retaining implicit memory

Question 57

dissociative fugue

Answer 57

loss of memory of personal identities /past life, flight to different location

Question 58

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 58

development of sub personalities

causes: self-hypnosis, misinformation, state-dependent memory

Question 59

sub personalities

Answer 59

each has a unique set of memories, behaviours, thoughts, emotions

Question 60

hyperthymesia

Answer 60

enhanced memory, an ability that allows people to remember nearly every event of their life with great precision