Chapter 7: Learning

Question 1

positive reinforcement

Answer 1

give something to increase behviour

Question 2

learning

Answer 2

a lasting change caused by experience

Question 3

learning graph

Answer 3

graph showing change in preformance of a task over time

Question 4

non associative learning

Answer 4

learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli

Question 5

sensitization

Answer 5

strong stimulus results in exaggerated responses to subsequent weaker stimuli (uses interneurons)

Question 6

associative learning

Answer 6

learning involving associations b/w stimuli

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

ppl/animals learn to associate previously neutral stimulus w/ unconditioned stimulus that elicits natural response

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

Question 9

unconditioned response

Answer 9

it is any original response that occurs naturally and in the absence of conditioning

Question 10

conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

a neutral stimulus that is repeatedly associated (see pairing) with an unconditioned stimulus until it acquires the ability to elicit a response that it previously did not

Question 11

conditioned response

Answer 11

the learned or acquired response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 12

extinction

Answer 12

reduction of CR after repeated presentation of CS alone

Question 13

spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

re-emergence of CR some time after extinction

Question 14

stimulus generalization

Answer 14

similar stimuli generate same response as CS

Question 15

systematic desensitization/desensitization psychotherapy

Answer 15

condition extinction of phobia through gradual exposure

Question 16

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 16

association b/w some food and subsequent stomach illness

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

behaviour is modified depending on its consequences

Question 18

law of effect

Answer 18

behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated, whereas behaviors that lead to undesired outcomes are less likely to recur

Question 19

reinforcements

Answer 19

increase likelihood of repeating behaviour

Question 20

punishments

Answer 20

decrease likelihood of repeating behavior

Question 21

positive

Answer 21

consequence that is added following a behaviour

Question 22

negative

Answer 22

consequence that is removed following a behaviour

Question 23

primary reinforcers

Answer 23

intrinsically pleasurable

Question 24

secondary reinforcers

Answer 24

associated with primary reinforcers

Question 25

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 25

continuous, intermittent, fixed/variable ratio schedule, fixed/variable interval schedule

Question 26

shaping

Answer 26

the use of reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior

Question 27

learned helplessness

Answer 27

repeated exposure to inescapable punishment produces failure to attempt to escape

Question 28

spatial navigation learning

Answer 28

involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigation space

Question 29

insight learning

Answer 29

sudden realization of solution or leap in understanding

Question 30

observational learning

Answer 30

learning that occurs w/o training in response to watching others

Question 31

long-term potentiation

Answer 31

form of synaptic change that involves increased activity in postsynpatic cells after strong, repetitive stimulation

Question 32

stereotype threat

Answer 32

awareness of negative stereotype affects oneself to leading to worse preformance

Question 33

dyslexia

Answer 33

deficiency in learning to read and write

Question 34

dyscalculia

Answer 34

inability to acquire info about math

Question 35

attention deficit disorders

Answer 35

inability to pay attention

Question 36

ADHD

Answer 36

inability to pay attention + hyperactivity

Question 37

Skinner's learning

Answer 37

when the likelihood of action is modified by its consequences in the environment consequences = rewards

Question 38

negative reinforcement

Answer 38

remove something to increase behaviour (waterboarding)

Question 39

positive punishment

Answer 39

a consequence you add that reduces the behaviour (spanking)

Question 40

negative punishment

Answer 40

a consequence where you take away something to reduce the heavier (time out)

Question 41

social learning theory

Answer 41

theory of learning process social behavior which proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others Albert Bandura 1961

Question 42

Bandura, Ross & Ross experiment

Answer 42

that children are able to learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning, through watching the behavior of another person

Question 43

reinstatement

Answer 43

learning requires an occasional reinstatement of the CS and US