Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
positive reinforcement
give something to increase behviour
learning
a lasting change caused by experience
learning graph
graph showing change in preformance of a task over time
non associative learning
learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli
sensitization
strong stimulus results in exaggerated responses to subsequent weaker stimuli (uses interneurons)
associative learning
learning involving associations b/w stimuli
classical conditioning
ppl/animals learn to associate previously neutral stimulus w/ unconditioned stimulus that elicits natural response
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
unconditioned response
it is any original response that occurs naturally and in the absence of conditioning
conditioned stimulus
a neutral stimulus that is repeatedly associated (see pairing) with an unconditioned stimulus until it acquires the ability to elicit a response that it previously did not
conditioned response
the learned or acquired response to a conditioned stimulus
extinction
reduction of CR after repeated presentation of CS alone
spontaneous recovery
re-emergence of CR some time after extinction
stimulus generalization
similar stimuli generate same response as CS
systematic desensitization/desensitization psychotherapy
condition extinction of phobia through gradual exposure
conditioned taste aversion
association b/w some food and subsequent stomach illness
operant conditioning
behaviour is modified depending on its consequences
law of effect
behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated, whereas behaviors that lead to undesired outcomes are less likely to recur
reinforcements
increase likelihood of repeating behaviour
punishments
decrease likelihood of repeating behavior
positive
consequence that is added following a behaviour
negative
consequence that is removed following a behaviour
primary reinforcers
intrinsically pleasurable
secondary reinforcers
associated with primary reinforcers
schedules of reinforcement
continuous, intermittent, fixed/variable ratio schedule, fixed/variable interval schedule
shaping
the use of reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior
learned helplessness
repeated exposure to inescapable punishment produces failure to attempt to escape
spatial navigation learning
involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigation space
insight learning
sudden realization of solution or leap in understanding
observational learning
learning that occurs w/o training in response to watching others
long-term potentiation
form of synaptic change that involves increased activity in postsynpatic cells after strong, repetitive stimulation
stereotype threat
awareness of negative stereotype affects oneself to leading to worse preformance
dyslexia
deficiency in learning to read and write
dyscalculia
inability to acquire info about math
attention deficit disorders
inability to pay attention
ADHD
inability to pay attention + hyperactivity
Skinner’s learning
when the likelihood of action is modified by its consequences in the environment
consequences = rewards
negative reinforcement
remove something to increase behaviour (waterboarding)
positive punishment
a consequence you add that reduces the behaviour (spanking)
negative punishment
a consequence where you take away something to reduce the heavier (time out)
social learning theory
theory of learning process social behavior which proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others
Albert Bandura 1961
Bandura, Ross & Ross experiment
that children are able to learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning, through watching the behavior of another person
reinstatement
learning requires an occasional reinstatement of the CS and US
