Chapter 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

field of psychology that seeks to explain and predict how peoples’ thoughts/attitudes/behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others

Question 2

social influence

Answer 2

how ppl adjust their behaviour to meet the expectations of others in the environment

Question 3

social cognition

Answer 3

the way in which people perceive and interpret themselves and others in the social world

Question 4

attitudes

Answer 4

relatively stable and enduring evaluation of people and things

Question 5

ABC model of attitudes

Answer 5

affective (how we feel) + behavioural (how we behave) + cognitive (what we believe) towards or about an object

Question 6

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 6

festinger 1957
state of emotional discomfort ppl experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief which contradicts their behaviour. This is resolved by modifying our existing beliefs. Justifications for a belief or behaviour can reduce the cognitive dissonance (money). This theory is more applied in more out of character situations

Question 7

self-perception theory

Answer 7

Daryl Bem

when ppl are uncertain of their attitudes they infer what the attitudes are by observing their own behaviour. This theory is more applied in slightly out of character situations

Question 8

attitude specificity

Answer 8

the more specific an attitude is the highly likelihood it has to predict a behaviour

Question 9

attitude strength

Answer 9

stronger attitudes predict behaviour more accurately than weak and vague ones

Question 10

social desirability

Answer 10

ppl often state attitudes that are socially desirable rather than accurate. Use a bogus pipeline technique of a fake lie detector machine to counter

Question 11

implicit attitudes

Answer 11

an attitude of which the person is unaware themselves

Question 12

stereotypes

Answer 12

generalized impressions about a person/group based on the social category they occupy

Question 13

prejudice

Answer 13

negative stereotypical attitudes towards individuals from another group

Question 14

social identity theory

Answer 14

emphasizes social cognitive factors that come into play in prejudice.

explains group phenomena based on social context, categorization, identity, norms, and status

Question 15

central route

Answer 15

persuasion that emphasizes the content of a message, facts/logical arguments, requires effort on the receiver end

Question 16

peripheral route

Answer 16

superficial info/feelings/impressions

Question 17

attributes

Answer 17

casual explanations of behaviour

Question 18

dispositional/internal attributions

Answer 18

focus on ppls’ traits as the cause of their behaviour

Question 19

situational/external attributions

Answer 19

focus on environmental factors as the cause of their behaviour

Question 20

fundamental attribution error

Answer 20

tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other ppl

Question 21

actor-observer effect

Answer 21

discrepancy b/w how we explain other ppls’ behaviour (dispositional) and our own (situational)

Question 22

self-serving bias

Answer 22

ppl have to attribute their successes to internal causes and their failures to external

Question 23

norms

Answer 23

social rules about how members of a society are expected to act

Question 24

descriptive vs injunctive

Answer 24

about what ppl do vs about what ppl ought to do

Question 25

social role

Answer 25

a set of norms ascribed to a person’s social position, expectation/duties associated with the position

Question 26

conformity

Answer 26

tendency to yield to social pressure, change of behaviour/attitudes/judgements due to real/imagined pressure

Question 27

obedience

Answer 27

the act of following direct commands usually given by an authority figure

Question 28

Milgram’s Experiment (1963)

Answer 28

applied high voltages …..

after hearing the learner’s first cries of pain at 150 volts, 82.5 percent of participants continued administering shocks; of those, 79 percent continued to the shock generator’s end, at 450 volts

Question 29

Asch’s conformity experiment

Answer 29

78% of ppl conformed
out of 12 trials made 4.4 errors
have to be at least three people against you and if one on your side then does not work

Question 30

group

Answer 30

an organized, stable collection of individuals in which the members are aware of the influence they have on one another and share a common identity

Question 31

social facilitation

Answer 31

an effect in which the presence of others enhances preformance

Question 32

social loafing

Answer 32

phenomenon in which ppl exert less effort on a collective task than they would on a comparable individual task

Question 33

group polarization

Answer 33

intensification of an initial tendency of individual group members brought about by group discussion

Question 34

groupthink

Answer 34

form of faulty decision making when group members strive for unanimity and this goal overrides their motivation to realistically appraise alternative ideas

Question 35

altruism

Answer 35

self-sacrificing behaviour carried our for the benefit of others

Question 36

bystander apathy

Answer 36

onlookers who do not do anything to help

individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in presence of other people.

Question 37

aggression

Answer 37

phsyical/verbal attacks intended to do harm to another

Question 38

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 38

we become aggressive in response to frustration

Question 39

triangular theory of love

Answer 39

Robert sternberg: intimacy, passion, commitment and 4 stages: exploration, bargaining, commitment, institutionalization

Question 40

orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 40

social reasoning, reward emulation, reading other ppl, eliciting emotional state

Question 41

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 41

processing rewards/punishments, interpret non-verbal social info, making moral/social assessments, emapthy

Question 42

insula

Answer 42

beneath frontal cortex, empathy, reading others, activated when observing in others physical or emotional pain

Question 43

amygdala

Answer 43

identify emotional facial expressions and pay attention to stimuli

Question 44

social phobia

Answer 44

a disorder involving severe, persistent, irrational fears of social situation in which embarrassment may occur

Question 45

avoidant personality disorder

Answer 45

involves extreme discomfort/inhibition in social relationships

Question 46

dependent personality disorder

Answer 46

involves pervasive, excessive need to be taken care and fear of separation

Question 47

autism

Answer 47

sever disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness, poor communication skills, very repetitive/rigid behaviours

Question 48

Asperger’s disorder

Answer 48

form of autism, major social impairments yet maintain normal intellectual, adaptive, language skills

Question 49

informational social influence

Answer 49

influence based on a group’s capacity to supply info

Question 50

normative social influence

Answer 50

influence based on a group’s capacity to apply sanctions

public compliance but not private acceptance

Question 51

Latin and Darley’s decision tree model

Answer 51

Did the person notice the event?
Do they interpret it as an emergency?
Do they feel responsible for helping?
Do they know the appropriate type of help to give?
Do they know how to implement a solution?

Question 52

Secure attachment

Answer 52

relatively easy to become close to others

Question 53

Avoidant attachment

Answer 53

uncomfortable being close with others; difficulty trusting and depending

Question 54

Anxious-ambivalent

Answer 54

worry that lovers are less interested in closeness than they are