Chapter 3: Development

Question 1

cohort sequential design

Answer 1

compare different age groups over time

Question 2

teratogens

Answer 2

environmental risks to fetus’ development

Question 3

heterozygous

Answer 3

2 different alleles
dominant traits

Question 4

maturation

Answer 4

unfolding of development sequentially

Question 5

sensitive period

Answer 5

where can at least partially recover exposure if previously deprived

Question 6

phenotype

Answer 6

part of genome that is observable

Question 7

uninvolved parent

Answer 7

emotionally detached, little time

Question 8

permissive parent

Answer 8

warm, accepting, overindulgent

Question 9

temperament

Answer 9

biologically-based tendency that is inborn and inherited, stable across time and situations

Question 10

endogenous

Answer 10

favour biology

Question 11

polygenic

Answer 11

traits determined by many gene pairs

Question 12

wear and tear theory

Answer 12

more we use, the more quickly we wear out

Question 13

object permanence

Answer 13

8 months, realization objects exist even when not present

Question 14

authoritative parent

Answer 14

warm, sensitive, makes reasonable demands and gives autonomy

Question 15

germinal stage

Answer 15

to 2 weeks, move to uterus, formation of placenta

Question 16

multifinality

Answer 16

start in same spot, we all finish in different places

Question 17

sensorimotor

Answer 17

birth to 2, relationship b/w action and consequence, sensation+action, object permanence

Question 18

accomodation

Answer 18

alter pre-existing schema

Question 19

attachment theory

Answer 19

desire from evolutionary advantage and need to form close emotional bonds w/caregivers

Question 20

equifinality

Answer 20

start in different places, finish w/ same otucome

Question 21

private speech

Answer 21

regulate behaviour and internal experience, internal monologue

Question 22

Kohlberg theory of morality

Answer 22

pre-conventional: selfish, punishments and rewards
conventional: fixed rules/approval
post conventional: independent principled judgements

Question 23

quantitive shifts

Answer 23

gradual accumulation of small changes

Question 24

theory of mind

Answer 24

capacity to understand others are different

Question 25

critical period

Answer 25

extremely sensitive to a particular environmental input

Question 26

free radical theory

Answer 26

negatively charged oxygen pulls electrons and causes problems

Question 27

cross-sectional design

Answer 27

compare groups of differently aged ppl assumes change as result of age no explanation of how or when

Question 28

discrete

Answer 28

trait determined by single gene pair

Question 29

zone of proximal development

Answer 29

gap b/w what kids can do themselves and w/ help of others

Question 30

fetal stage

Answer 30

8+ weeks, major development

Question 31

alleles

Answer 31

variation of genes

Question 32

operations

Answer 32

mental rule for separating, combining info in a logical manner

Question 33

developmental psychology

Answer 33

study of changes of behaviour/mental processes over time and factors that affect it

Question 34

reflexes

Answer 34

programmed physical reactions

Question 35

longitudinal design

Answer 35

follow one group over time change as function of time money and time

Question 36

synaptic pruning

Answer 36

lose of neurons we do not use

Question 37

codominance

Answer 37

heterozygous pair both expressed in phenotype

Question 38

pre-operation

Answer 38

2-7, irreversibility (brother test), egocentrism (3 mountains test), conservation (tall vs short glass)

Question 39

embryonic stage

Answer 39

2-8 weeks, major systems develop

Question 40

homozygous

Answer 40

2 same alleles dominant or recessive traits

Question 41

exogenous

Answer 41

favour environment

Question 42

zygote

Answer 42

single cell after fertilization

Question 43

authoritarian parent

Answer 43

cold, rejecting, demanding, critical

Question 44

formal operations

Answer 44

+12, ability to think abstractly w/o referents, reason in symbolic terms, make logical deductions/hypotheses

Question 45

conduct disorder

Answer 45

group of behavioural/emotional problems associated w/ disregard for others

Question 46

proximodistal growth

Answer 46

grow from central area of body to outer edges

Question 47

cellular clock theory

Answer 47

telomeres on end of DNA grow shorter each cycle until they do not reproduce --> harder to repair ourselves

Question 48

Gilligan theory of morality

Answer 48

men: justice fairness, women: caring/managing relationships

Question 49

concrete operation

Answer 49

7-11, understand transitive inferences, manipulate data abstractly

Question 50

schemata

Answer 50

structures of understanding the world that we continuously acquire and build

Question 51

assimilation

Answer 51

inclusion of new info into a pre-existing schema

Question 52

myelination

Answer 52

process of creating the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of nerves, begins in third trimester

Question 53

genotype

Answer 53

46 chromosomes

Question 54

qualitative shifts

Answer 54

developmental jumps that result in ppl being different than before