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ALU 201 > chapter 8 - kidney and urinary tract disorders > Flashcards

chapter 8 - kidney and urinary tract disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 primary purposes of the kidney

A

filter the nitrogenous products of metabolism (urea and creatinine) from the blood and to maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis

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2
Q

what hormones does the kidney produce

A

erythroprotein (stimulates bone marrow to proceed red blood cells) and an active form of vitamin D that the kidney makes from the inactive form produced in the diet or formed in the skin on exposure to sunlight

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3
Q

what are the 2 distinct zones of the kidney

A

outer layer - cortex.

inner layer- the medulla.

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4
Q

where does kidney filtration take place

A

in the nephron

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5
Q

what are the 2 parts of the nephron

A

the glomerulus and the tubule

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6
Q

at what rate does urine form

A

about one cc per minute

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7
Q

when is ADH produced

A

when the concentration of sodium rises

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8
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

causes the kidneys to retain sodium

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9
Q

together, what do ADH and aldosterone accomplish

A

blood volume and sodium level to be controlled

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10
Q

what is angiotensin

A

a hormone that causes more salt to be retained and constricts small blood vessels, causing an increase in pressure

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11
Q

what is renin

A

produced by kidneys, triggers formation of angiotensin when the blood volume or BP falls

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12
Q

what is the most common evidence of renal disease

A

proteinuria

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13
Q

what are common benign causes of proteinuria

A
  1. exercise, fever, stress, excessive cold, vaginal contamination.
  2. orthostatic proteinuria
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14
Q

what are causes of microalbuminuria

A

diabetes, HTN, lipid abnormalities, some immune disorders

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15
Q

is microalbuminuria a risk factor for coronary artery disease

A

yes

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16
Q

what are the most common causes of hematuria

A

stones, nephritis, tumors, prostate disease, benign familial hematuria, menstrual contamination

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17
Q

what is pyuria most commonly due to

A

cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis

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18
Q

is finding of hyaline casts considered benign

A

yes

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19
Q

red blood cell casts can indicate what

A

glomerulonephritis

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20
Q

WBC casts can indicate what

A

inflammatory conditions, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, interstitial cystitis.

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21
Q

epithelial casts can indicate what

A

nephritis syndrome, tubular injury, glomerulonephritis

22
Q

granular casts can indicate what

A

glomerulonephritis

23
Q

fatty casts can indicate what

A

nephrotic syndrome

24
Q

waxy casts can indicate what

A

advanced renal failure

25
Q

what is azotemia

A

elevation of BUN and creatinine levels

26
Q

what are causes of azotemia

A

infrarenal diseases, pre-renal diseases, post renal causes d/t obstruction to urinary flow after it leaves the kidney (BPH)

27
Q

what is uremia and what are signs and symptoms associated

A

a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys.
condition resulting from the advanced stages of kidney failure (marked by signs and symptoms such as anemia, weight loss, weakness, N/V, excessive bleeding, edema, convulsions, lethargy progressing to coma)

28
Q

what is oliguria

A

decreased urine output (<500 ml in 24 hrs)

29
Q

what are common causes of oliguria

A

dehydration, total urinary tract obstruction, severe infection leading to shock, medications

30
Q

what is anuria

A

<100 ml urine in 24 hrs

31
Q

what is renal spasm caused by

A

spasm of ureter as a stone is being forced from the kidney to the bladder

32
Q

what is nephrotic syndrome

A

heavy proteinuria with edema, DLD, hyper coagulability and hypoalbuminuria.

33
Q

what is BUN

A

waste product of protein metabolism

34
Q

what is serum creatinine

A

waste product of muscle metabolism

35
Q

what is creatinine clearance

A

volume of plasma cleared of creatinine per minute

36
Q

what is cystatin C

A

sensitive early marker for CKD

37
Q

what is IVP

A

intravenous pyelogram. iodine injection and XR as it passes thru kidneys.

38
Q

what is retrograde pyelogram

A

like IVP, uses dye injected thru catheter then XRs. done when allergy to IV contrast for IVP or IVP can’t be done

39
Q

what is renal scan

A

uses radioactive isotope then scan with gamma camera, good for showing blood flow and organ function

40
Q

is MRI good for detecting calcifications or stones

A

no

41
Q

what can renal angiography show

A

tumors, blood clots, stenosis or aneurysms of the renal artery

42
Q

do males or females get bladder cancer more often

A

males

43
Q

do males or females have worse survival rate

A

females have slightly worse 5 yr survival rate

44
Q

what is the most important risk factor for development of bladder cancer

A

cigarette smoking

45
Q

risk of bladder cancer increases how much with smoking

A

2-3 times that of a nonsmoker

46
Q

what are other risk factors for bladder cancer (other than smoking)

A

age (over 40 with 90% of cases over age 55), race (caucasian), gender (male), family hx, personal hx (80% recur rate), chemo for other types of cancer, occupation (exposure to carcinogens)

47
Q

90% of bladder cancers are which type

A

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).

48
Q

what are the rarer types of bladder cancer that are considered more aggressive than TCC

A

squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, small cell and others (lymphoma, sarcoma)

49
Q

urinary retention can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. prostate enlargement
  2. mucous colitis
  3. diabetes mellitus
  4. neurological disease
A

mucous colitis

50
Q

all of the following statements regarding PCKD are correct EXCEPT:

  1. multiple cysts are present in both kidneys
  2. it rarely progresses to end-stage renal disease
  3. HTN if often present
  4. cysts can occur in the liver
A

2- it rarely progresses to end stage renal disease (is not true)

51
Q

what other measurement closely estimates the GFR rate

A

creatinine clearance

ALU 201 (20 decks)

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