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ALU 201 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the principal testicular hormones

A

testosterone, androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone

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2
Q

which hormone is responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics

A

testosterone

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3
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium (serosa), myometrium (smooth muscle) and endometrium

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4
Q

what are the principal female hormones

A

hypothalamic GnRH, pituitary FSH and LH, estrogen, progesterone (last 2 produced by ovaries)

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5
Q

what is function of estrogen

A

causes growth of reproductive organs, regulates fat deposition, lipid and calcium metabolism, hypothalamic temperature, vasomotor activity production of vaginal secretions

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6
Q

BPH is common starting at what age

A

45, prevalence increases to 50% by age 60 and over 80% by age 80

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7
Q

when/how does BPH occur

A

when the glandular tissue thickens due to stimulation by testosterone, producing nonmalignant hyperplasia, also called adenomatous hyperplasia. the extra mass of tissue sometimes compresses the bladder and urethra

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8
Q

what is treatment of choice for BPH

A

watchful waiting

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9
Q

what are non-invasive treatments for BPH

A

meds (prosper, avodart, hytrin, doxazosin, uroxatral, flomax)

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10
Q

what are possible side effects of BPH meds

A

ED

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11
Q

how much can finasteride and dutasteride reduce PSA (%)?

A

50%

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12
Q

what are minimally invasive treatments for BPH

A

TUMT, TUIP, TUNA, ILC, VLAP

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13
Q

what surgery can be done to treat BPH and in what scenario

A

TURP, for severe symptoms

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14
Q

what are possible complications of TURP

A

ED, incontinence

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15
Q

is PSA prostate cancer specific?

A

it is prostate specific, but not prostate cancer specific.

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16
Q

males with prostate cancer tend to have a ______ free PSA then those without prostate cancer

A

lower

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17
Q

when is inflammatory prostatitis diagnosed

A

when WBC are found in urine or prostatic secretions, while absence of WBCs indicates non-inflammatory prostatitis

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18
Q

what is the standard treatment for pathogen-associated prostatitis (bacterial)

A

antimicrobials

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19
Q

how would a prostate abscess be confirmed and how would it be treated

A

ultrasound for dx, surgery for treatment

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20
Q

what is prostatodynia and how is it treated

A

condition that mimics prostatitis but w/o evidence of infection or inflammation. symptomatic relief with prostatic massage, hot situ baths, analgesics

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21
Q

can prostate stones be underlying cause of prostatitis

A

yes

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22
Q

how are prostate stones detected

A

ultrasound

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23
Q

what are causes of prostate stones

A

prostatic secretions that do not leave the gland due to blockage of the glandular ducts. or products of infection that are not completely remoed

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24
Q

what tests are done for solitary prostate nodule

A

nodules detected by DRE or US. then followed with PSA, if nodules don’t disappear or PSA doesn’t drop with abs, bx must be done.

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25
Q

is testicular cancer highly treatable?

A

yes, highly treatable and curable

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26
Q

in what age groups does testicular cancer usually appear

A

young and middle aged males

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27
Q

what are early symptoms of testicular cancer

A

nonspecific, with heavy feeling in the area of testicles being most common

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28
Q

how is testicular cancer diagnosed

A

physical exam, scrotum ultrasound. if mass found then CT and CXRs

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29
Q

what are two histologic types of testicular cancer

A

seminoma and nonseminoma

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30
Q

are seminomas or nonseminomas more sensitive to radiation?

A

seminomas

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31
Q

what is the cur rate for seminomas

A

over 90%

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32
Q

are seminomas or nonseminomas more aggressive

A

nonseminoma

33
Q

what are treatments for testicular cancer

A

orchiectomy, radiation and/or chemo.

34
Q

what is a common cause of testicular atrophy

A

anabolic steroids

35
Q

what is cryptorchism

A

failure of one or both tests to descend into the scritum

36
Q

does crypto archaism present higher or lower risk of testicular cancer

A

higher

37
Q

what is epididymitis and orchitis

A

infections of testes and supporting structures

38
Q

what is hydrocele and how is it treated

A

mass in scrotum from excessive accumulation of fluid. can be treated with surgery aspiration, or injection of sclerotic meds

39
Q

what is a spermatocele and how can it be treated

A

mass or cystic structure which contains sperm, tx surgery or aspiration

40
Q

what is a varicoceoe

A

swelling in scrotum caused by varicose veins

41
Q

what are possible underlying causes of ED

A

hormonal, psychological, vascular, neurological

42
Q

what is primary underlying cause of ED

A

endothelial dysfunction a/w diabetes, HTN or atherosclerosis - also can be d/t MS, nerve damage from prostate surgery or spinal fx

43
Q

what are contraindications for taking any ED med

A

hx of arrhythmia or the unstable cardiac disorder treated with nitrates

44
Q

what is fibrocystic breast disease

A

general term for variety of conditions of breast that involve lumpiness, cysts or inflammation

45
Q

what are underlying causes of fibrocystic breast disease

A

hormonal changes that cause swelling, infections or cysts

46
Q

what are fibroadenomas

A

benign breast tumors that usually develop in young females

47
Q

is ductal papilloma (of breast) benign or malignant and how are they diagnosed

A

benign, though can occasionally become malignant. dx’d with galactogram, or ductogram.

48
Q

Paget’s disease of the Breast is a form of ____

A

DCIS

49
Q

what are symptoms of Paget’s disease of breast

A

crusting, scaling erosion of nipple, and a discharge that can be milky or bloody

50
Q

cancer is present in less than ____ % of females who have any kind of nipple discharge

A

10%

51
Q

define endometriosis

A

presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity

52
Q

what is the preferred mode of dx for endometriosis

A

laparoscopy

53
Q

what is amenorrhea

A

absence of menstrual periods

54
Q

what is dysmenorrhea

A

painful periods

55
Q

what is oligomenorrhea

A

infrequent periods

56
Q

what is polymenorrhea

A

menstrual cycles 21 days or less

57
Q

what is menorrhagia

A

heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding with regular cycle

58
Q

metorrhagia

A

bleeding between regular menstrual periods

59
Q

postmenopausal bleeding

A

any bleeding that occurs 6 months or more after menopause

60
Q

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

bleeding associated with hormone abnormalities

61
Q

PCOS is associated with _____ and ____

A

oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea

62
Q

what are the main features of PCOS

A

elevated male hormones (androgens), ovulatory dysfunction (oligo or anovulation), abnml menstrual cycles, obesity, hursutism (abnml facial hair), infertility, insulin resistance

63
Q

what are some underlying causes of PCOS

A

primary hyperandrogegism, adrenal hyperplasia, hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction

64
Q

families with which syndromes (genetic) have increased risk for gynecologic tumors?

A

HNPCC and BRCA

65
Q

what are the two types of endometrial cancer and which one tends to metastasize readily

A

type 1 associated with increased estrogen. type 2 not associated with increased estrogen and tends to mets readily

66
Q

what are the most significant prognostic factors with endometrial cancer

A

degree of differentiation, depth of invasion, cervical invasion, extrauterine mets, presence or absence of progesterone

67
Q

what are risk factors for type 1 endometrial cancer

A

unopposed estrogen treatment, have used tamoxifen, morbid obesity, diabetes and HTN, hx of ovulatory dysfunction, genetic predisopsition

68
Q

do type 1 endometrial tumors tend to be low or high grade

A

low grade

69
Q

do type 1 endometrial tumors have progesterone receptor levels that are high

A

yes

70
Q

which women are most at risk for type 2 endometrial tumors

A

over age 70

71
Q

what cell types are usually in grade 2 endometrial tumors? are they higher or lower grade? low or high progesterone levels?

A

papillary or clear cell, higher grade, lower progesterone levels

72
Q

what % of ovarian cancer is in age >65

A

50%

73
Q

do most women have widespread disease at time of ovarian cancer dx? why or why not

A

yes, because asxs early on usually get late dx

74
Q

what tests are done for ovarian cancer dx

A

hcg, CEA, LDH, transvag US

75
Q

which lab test is commonly elevated with normal pregnancy

A

alk phos

76
Q

is HPV relapse frequent, requiring re-treatment?

A

yes

77
Q

is clear cell carcinoma the most common cell type of cervical cancer

A

no

78
Q

does cigarette smoking increase risk of CIN

A

yes

ALU 201 (20 decks)

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