Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ALU 201 > Chapter 7 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name for the tiny air sacs where blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define respiration

A

the gas exchange that takes place in the alveoli by which carbon dioxide is exhaled and oxygen is taken up by the RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does deoxygenated blood reach the lungs

A

through the pulmonary arteries from the rt side of the heart (RV) which has received deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does blood go once oxygenated

A

it is returned by the pulmonary veins to the lt atrium then the LV to be distributed to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the avg pressure in the pulmonary arteries

A

10-20 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does spirometry measure

A

forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the ratio of the two.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what FEV1/FVC ratio can be considered normal

A

> 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what spirometry result is consistent with GOLD criteria for COPD

A

FEV1/FVS <70% post bronchodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can spirometry reveal

A

airway obstruction, chest wall or lung restriction, normal lung function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is FVC

A

max volume of air exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in one second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what test best evaluates for pulmonary emboli

A

CTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name risk factors for OSA (13 in textbook)

A

male gender, older age, snoring, obesity, nasal obstruction, tonsils or uvular hypertrophy, jaw abnormalities, ETOH abuse, hypothyroidism, COPD, acromegaly, use of tranquilizers, postmenopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are symptoms of sleep apnea

A

snoring, gasping, thrashing, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, cognitive impairment, personality change, morning headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does a full PSG include

A

EEG, EOG, EKG, Oximetry, measurement of airflow at nose and mouth, measurement of inspiratory effort, monitoring of limb movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 major consequences of sleep apnea

A

sleep fragmentation, episodic hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are causes of death with sleep apnea

A

MVAs, MIs, stroke, CHF, sudden death from cardiac arrhythmias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some results of long term untreated sleep apnea

A

hypertensive LVH, pulmonary HTN, rt heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is lung remodeling

A

if asthma is sub optimally treated or untreated, it can evolve into COPD in a process called remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what info is important to underwrite asthma

A

frequency and severity of attacks, hospitalizations, treatment, long term therapy with systemic corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is status asthmaticus

A

a severe asthma attach that does not respond to the usual measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

poorer prognosis in those diagnosed with asthma after age ____

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when is increased mortality in childhood asthma a concern

A

adolescents who refuse to use their meds, and children who lived in impoverished communities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is atelectasis

A

the collapse of a portion of lung tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is usual cause of atelectasis

A

obstruction of an airway, as seen in pneumonia when airways plugged with mucus. other causes: aspiration, tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are blebs and bullae

A

air0conditioning cavities within the lungs. rarely significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is bronchiectasis and what are the usual manifestations

A

abnormal dilatation of a distal bronchus. clinical manifestation by chronic cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, poss SOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is cause of bronchiectasis

A

prior lung infection that has destroyed the normal muscular and elastic tissues of the bronchial wall and the cilia lining that helps clear secretions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

is bronchiectasis present with underlying problem what is prognosis

A

long term prognosis usually poor due to recurring infectious exacerbations

30
Q

what are major hazards with localized bronchiectasis in an otherwise healthy person

A

recurrent and severe hemoptysis and ongoing and ever-worsening lung infection

31
Q

when is chronic abx given for bronchiectasis

A

only when significant, severe disease with high mortality risk

32
Q

what is COPD

A

encompassing term including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic asthma (with remodeling), and bronchiectasis

33
Q

what is the 3rd leading cause of death worldwide and 4th leading in USA

A

COPD

34
Q

what are risk factors with COPD

A

ongoing smoking, repeated respiratory infections, family hx of chronic bronchitis

35
Q

what is best way to assess progression of COPD

A

PFTs

36
Q

what FEV1 is consistent with good prognosis in COPD

A

stable over 80%

37
Q

what FEV1 indicates increased mortality in COPD

A

60-80%

38
Q

careful uwing needed in COPD with FEV1 under what

A

60%

39
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

chronic cough and sputum production for at least 3 months a year for 2 consecutive years

40
Q

what is emphysema

A

destruction of alveoli

41
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

a genetic disease of the lungs and pancreas and/or intestinal malabsorption who have a family hx of CF.

42
Q

how is cystic fibrosis diagnosed

A

through chloride concentration in the sweat

43
Q

what is honeycomb lung

A

serious disease, occ seen on CXRs, end stage chronic lung fibrosis f any cause, most commonly end stage idiopathic/infectious disease (Sarcoidosis, chronic TB, fungal disease)

44
Q

what is hypersensitivity lung disease

A

pulmonary reaction to organic dust with spontaneous recovery if there is no further exposure (farmers lung, pigeon breeders disease, etc)

45
Q

interstitial lung dsiease

A

causes inflammation and eventual fibrosis in the interstitial space. most serious consequence of ILD is seen when it occurs along with collagen vascular disease such as RA, SLE or scleroderma

46
Q

what is empyema

A

pleurisy with collection of pus in the pleural space, usually s/t pneumonia

47
Q

what is classic presentation of pulmonary embolism

A

chest pain, SOB, cough productive of bloody sputum

48
Q

what are the three overlapping factors that predispose to venous thrombosis

A

local trauma to the vessel wall, hyper coagulability, stasis

49
Q

a lung nodule that is over what size is called a mass and considered to be cancer until proven otherwise

A

3cm

50
Q

how long does pulmonary nodule have to be present and unchanged before considered most certainly benign

A

3 or more eyars

51
Q

pulmonary nodules in which zones are more significant or more likely to be malignant

A

upper lung zone solitairy nodules or multiple nodules of varying sizes in the lower lung zones

52
Q

what terms on CXR or CT should be considered malignant until proven otherwise

A

speculated nodule or ground glass associated nodule

53
Q

does positive uptake on PET scan prove cancer

A

no, can be caused by infection too. also some slow growing cancers can show no uptake

54
Q

what is the only way to absolutely prove innocent nodule

A

surgical removal with path report

55
Q

what s pulmonary fibrosis

A

presence of scar tissue in the lungs

56
Q

what are some causes for diffuse interstitial lung disease

A

infections, occupational exposure, heart disease with chronic pulmonary congestion, collagen vascular dseiases (SLW, RA, progressive systemic sclerosis), sarcoidosis, cancer

57
Q

how is sarcoidosis staged

A

amount of lung and mediastinal/hilar lymph node involvement on a regular CXR (Not CT)

58
Q

lung cancer is ____ times more frequent in smokers

A

5-10 times

59
Q

what is the number one cause of cancer death in males and female in US

A

lung cancer

60
Q

what does pulmonary diffusing capacity measure?

a. capacity of the lungs during rapid breathing
b. total alveolar-capillary volume available for gas exchange
c. amount of air expelled in the first second of forced expiration.
d. total amount of air that can be exhaled after deep inspiration

A

b. total alveolar-capillary volume available for gas exchange

61
Q

lung diseases attributable to asbestos exposure include all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. mesothelioma
  2. asbestosis
  3. black lung
  4. lung cancer
A
  1. black lung
62
Q

respiratory sounds caused by fluid in the airways include which of the following?

a. rales
b. rhonchi
c. crackles

A

a b and c

63
Q

which of the following is most likely y to be malignant?

a. bronchial adenoma
b. speculated nodule
c. granuloma
d. hamartoma

A

b

64
Q

a family history of early onset emphysema is suggestive of

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

65
Q

describe the staging criteria for sarcoidosis

A

stage 1- b/l enlargment of the LNs of lungs (hilar nodes and no lung involvement. stage 2- both lung reticulonodular interstitial changes and prominent mediastinal/hilar LN enlargement. stage 3 - persisting lung involvement with gradual resolution of the mediastinal/hilar LN enlargement. stage 4- end stage fibrotic lung disease

66
Q

what is DLCO

A

DLCO or TLCO (diffusing capacity or transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (CO),[1]) is the extent to which oxygen passes from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood

67
Q

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lung to the___

A

Left atrium

68
Q

All of the following statements regarding tuberculosis are correct except:

  1. False positives and testing are common place
  2. TB can affect any tissue or organ
  3. Before the advent of affective therapy it was a disease with high mortality
  4. Primary infections with TB bacillus are extraordinarily common
A
  1. False positives and testing are common place (false)
69
Q

What does pulmonary diffusing capacity measure

A

Capacity of the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide

70
Q

What are the respiratory sounds caused by fluid in the airways

A

Rales, rhoncho, crackles

71
Q

Is tuberculosis an inflammatory lung disease

A

Yes

ALU 201 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions