chapter 12 - hematological disorders Flashcards
what are the two components of blood
plasma and cellular components (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
what is in plasma
water, proteins, carbs, lipids, electrolytes, clotting factors
what do platelets and coagulation factors in plasma do
maintain homeostasis
what is the principal site of blood cell formation
bone marrow
what is hematopoiesis
production of blood cells
what protein regulates RBC production and where is it produced
erythropoietin, in the kidney
what is the main function of RBC and what is the carrier substance
transport of oxygen to the tissues, hemoglobin is the carrier substance
what is the life span of a normal RBC and what s the process of removing them
120 days
what is the term for increased WBC
leukocytosis
what is the term for decreased WBC
leukopenia
what are some causes for leukocytosis
acute bacterial infection, physical stimuli (heat, cold, pain, surgery, malignancies, drug reactions), emotional stimuli (stress)
when is leukopenia often seen
with viral or overwhelming bacterial infection
what is the term for increased RBC
polycythemia
microcytic cells are seen in ______ (conditions)
iron def anemia and thalessemia
macrocystic cells re seen in ___(conditions)
liver disorders, alcoholism, folic acid, vit b12 deficiencies
what is MCV describing
RBC size (microcytic or macrocytic)
what is MCH
average weight of hemoglobin in each individual RBC
what does MCHC measure
average weight of hemoglobin in each individual RBC
what are normocytes
normal sized erythrocytes
what is anisocytosis
abnormal variation in cell size
what is poikilocytosis
variation in RBC shape
what values should be analyzed in anemia
hemoglobin, MCV and MCH
what values are used to classify anemia as normocytic, microcytic or macrocytic, or normochronic or hypochromic
MCV and MCH
anemias with normal MCV and MCH are called _______ and __________
normocytic and normochromic
anemia of chronic blood loss, chronic disease and aplastic anemia are _____
normocytic and normochromic
anemias with decreased MCV and MCH are
microcytic and hypochromic
decreased MCV and MCH are almost always seen with which type of anemia
iron deficient anemia
very low MCV is common seen with ____
thalassemia
anemias with elev MCV are ______ and can be due to _______
macrocytic, due to folic acid deficiency, b2 def, or a problem with intrinsic factor that transports fit b12 ro the intestine
what other thing can elev MCV be due to
excess alcohol intake
describe RBC in macrocytic anemia
fewer but larger RBC
what is megaloblastic anemia
imprecise term that designates a group of anemias having similar characteristics of morphology and function
what is aplastic anemia
a bone marrow disorder characterized by a reduction of hemopoietic tissue, replacement of hemopoietic tissue, and depletion of all cell lines (pancytopenia)
what is pure red cell aplasia
like aplastic anemia but only the RBC precursors are hypoplastic
does aplasia anemia have poor prognosis
yes
what is the overall mortality rate for aplastic anemia and the median survival
65-70%, 3 months
what is the most common cause of death with aplastic anemia
hemorrhage or infection
what is the most favorable situation re aplastic anemia for underwriting
cause clearly diagnosed and anemia resolved for several years
what is a hemolytic process
shortened RBC survival
what is hereditary sperhocytosis and how is it treated
a hemolytic anemia with sphere shaped RBC and destroyed in the spleen. treated with splenectomy
children who have splenectomy have higher mortality until what age
15-18
what is G-6-PD deficiency
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase def, hereditary abnormal in which the activity or stability of the enzyme G-6-PD is markedly diminished
sickle cell disease is often fatal before age ___
30
the anemia of thalassemia is due to ____
both decreased RBD production and hemolysis
what is the homozygous form of thalassemia
thalassemia major
what is the heterozygous form of thalassemia
thalassemia minor
what is polycythemia vera
myeloproliferative disorder of the bone marrow that can terminate in acute granulocytic leukemia
in polycythemia vera what is increased
RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC mass and viscosity of blood
approx 30% of patients with polycythemia vera will develop ____
leukemia
what is treatment for polycythemia vera
period blood draws (phlebotomy)
which type of WBC are the most numerous
neutrophils
which type of WBC is most important in fighting bacterial infections and inflammation
neutrophils
which type of WBC has a strong association with allergies
eosinophilic
which type of WBC is rare and carries heparin and histamines
basophils
what is he second most abundant WBC
lymphocytes
what are monocytes
the largest cell of normal blood, ingests and destroys particles, debris, and bacteria
is hemophilia A seen more in males or females
males
is Von Willebrands seen more in males or females
females
hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of
factor VIII
what is another name for hemophilia B
christmas disease
hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of
factor IV
Von willebrands involves
platelet and factor VIII deficiencies
aplastic anemia is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
- replacement of hemopoietic tissue
- depletion of cell lines
- reduction of hemopoietic tissue
- hypercellular bone marrow
- hypercellular bone marrow
in polycythemia vera, are hemoglobin and hematocrit usually decreased at diagnosis?
no
what is the malignant disorder characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBC
leukemia
Is hemophilia a also known as Christmas disease
No
Is hemophilia a caused by a factor IX deficiency
No
Does hemophilia a developed predominantly in males or females
Males
What is decreased synthesis of one of the polypeptide chains that comprise hemoglobin
Thalasssmia
