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ALU 201 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of specialized cells is the nervous system made up of

A

neurons

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2
Q

about how many neurons are there in the human body

A

200 billion

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3
Q

how many neurons are there in the brain

A

about 100 billion, or half of the total neurons in the body

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4
Q

what are axons and dendrites responsible for

A

axons conduct impulses AWAY from the cell body and dendrites conduct them TOWARDS it

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5
Q

what are the junctions between neurons called and what chemicals pass the impulses from one neuron to another

A

synapses are the junctions and neurotransmitters pass the impulses from one neuron to another

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6
Q

brains require a huge supply of ____

A

oxygen

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7
Q

oxygen is brought to the brain via the _____

A

carotid arteries

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8
Q

what are the 3 regions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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9
Q

what area of the brain is the cerebral cortex in and name 2 of its functions

A

forebrain, nerve pulses are received and analyzed here, and memories are stored. also conscious thought process, reasoning, deliberation, judgement

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10
Q

what is the function of the midbrain

A

connects spinal cord with the forebrain and forms major part of the brainstem

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11
Q

where is the medulla oblongata and what is it responsible for

A

it is part of the hindbrain and controls vital functions (breathing, blood circulation, swallowing).

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12
Q

where is the cerebellum and what does it do

A

in hindbrain, coordinates movement, partially responsible for learning motor actions like riding a bike

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13
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

extends from the spinal cord and supplies nerves to the legs

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14
Q

what are the two separate parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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15
Q

what is the somatic nervous system made up of and what does it do

A

nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with skeletal muscles that are under voluntary control, such as arm and leg muscles. also connects sensory organs with the brain, convey info about touch and pain

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16
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system made up of and what does it do

A

connects brain and spinal cord with internal organs and all processes within body that are not under voluntary control (HR, respiration, digestive process)

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17
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system, prepares for fight or flight/emergency situations

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18
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system, maintains internal status quo in everyday scenarios, reduce HR and BP after response to an emergency

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19
Q

what is the most important diagnostic technique in diagnosing neurological disorders

A

history and physical exam, observation

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20
Q

what is the 3rd leading cause of death in most developed countries

A

stroke

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21
Q

what are the main two pathological types of stroke

A

primary ischemic stroke and primary intracerebral hemorrhage

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22
Q

what is the most common cause of stroke

A

ischemia

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23
Q

what are the causes of ischemic stroke

A

atherosclerosis, blood clot that form on the brain (thrombus), blood clot or piece of atheromatous plaque or other material that travels to the brain from another location

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24
Q

what is the most common cause of ischemic stroke (underlying disease)

A

atherosclerotic disease

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25
Q

strokes caused by embolism are most commonly due to what

A

cariogenic emboli, clots that develop secondary to heart disorders such as valve defects or arrhythmia

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26
Q

what are vertebrobasilar strokes and blockage or which arteries almost always result in severe disability or death

A

blockage of arterial vertebrobasilar systems that circulate blood within areas of brain such as medulla, cerebellum and midbrain. blockage of large arteries in this area almost always result in severe disability or death. those in smaller vessels are survivable.

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27
Q

what is cause of lacunar stroke

A

lacunar infarcts commonly occur as result of an occlusion to a large cerebral artery. most in subcortical white matter, basal ganglia or pons

28
Q

what are the risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage (comorbids)

A

similar to those for cardiovascular disease - HTN, heart disease, fib/flutter, smoking, hx of TIAs, generalized atherosclerotic disease, HLD, DM, use of OCPs

29
Q

what are possible causes for primary intracerebral hemorrhage

A

HTN (50% of cases), when blood vessel affected by diseases bursts, when blood vessel blocked by an embolism bursts, when AVM or aneurysm ruptures.

30
Q

a stroke in the right hemisphere often causes paralysis in the _____ side of the body, and what are other possible symptoms

A

left (left hemiplegia). also can cause spatial and perceptual problems, diff with judgement, behavior, impose, memory

31
Q

left hemisphere stroke can cause paralysis in the ______ side of the body, and what are other possible symptoms

A

right. also can cause aphasia

32
Q

what are the underwriting considerations for TIA and stroke

A

age at time of episode, time elapsed since episode occurred, any persisting neuro deficit, underlying cause if known, if HTN adequacy of control, presence or absence of co-existing risk factors

33
Q

what is subarachnoid hemorrhage and usual cause

A

presence of blood within the subarachnoid space, usually caused by rupture of intracranial aneurysm

34
Q

what are other causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

AVM, hematomas from trauma

35
Q

what are surgical treatments for aneurysm

A

clipping and coiling

36
Q

what are underwriting factors to consider when underwriting subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

severity of initial episode, results of all investigations and treatments, presence or absence of residual neurological symptoms including epilepsy, control of any co-existing risk factors particularly HTN.

37
Q

what is the most common disabling neurological disorder in young adults

A

MS

38
Q

what are subtypes of MS

A

relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive

39
Q

what eye disorder has close relationship with MS

A

optic neuritis

40
Q

what are treatments for MS

A

symptomatic relief, disease modifying (injectables, infusions and oral therapies)

41
Q

what are underwriting considerations for MS

A

whether there is definite dx, age at onset, which subtype, date of last attack, frequency of attacks, current level of disability

42
Q

what are the major known causes of epilepsy

A

brain tumors, arteriovenous malformations, stroke

43
Q

what factors can increase risk of epilepsy up to 10 times

A

1) head injury w/concussion and one or more of following: LOC for over 30 mins, some loss of memory after injury, neurological abnormalities, skull fx. 2) CNS infections such as meningitis 3) cerebral palsy with mental handicap 4) febrile seizures that are unusually long or frequent or involve only one side of the body 5) alcohol abuse

44
Q

what are focal or partial seizures

A

confined to a localized area of the brain.

45
Q

what are types of focal seizures

A

simple with no LOC, and complex partial including those that become generalized

46
Q

what are generalized seizures

A

abnml electrical activity in brain. usually developmental in origin.

47
Q

what are the types of generalized seizures

A

grand mal, absence seizures/petit mal, other (myoclonic)

48
Q

are intracranial tumors generally considered benign or malignant? why? do they usually metastasize?

A

malignant, because of invasion of local tissue but rarely metastasize so don’t fit the usual definition of cancer. benign tumors do occur. `

49
Q

what type of brain tumor is usually fatal within a year

A

glioblastoma

50
Q

what brain tumors can be compatible with several years of survival

A

low grade gliomas

51
Q

which brain tumors have more favorable prognosis

A

meningioma, acoustic neuroma, pinealoma

52
Q

which brain tumors have less favorable prognosis

A

astrocytoma, glioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma

53
Q

what info should be obtained for underwriting brain tumors

A

precise histology, results of all investigations, treatment given, time since dx and completion of treatment, any residual neurological or psychological impairment

54
Q

what is temporal arteritis

A

inflammation of arteries supplying the scalp

55
Q

what are possible cause of encephalitis and what is it

A

viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal. swelling of brain.

56
Q

what are symptoms of encephalitis

A

severe headache, sudden onset of fever, photophobia, stiff neck, N&V, drowsiness and confusion, seizures.

57
Q

what are common causes of encephalitis (specific infections)

A

herpes, common childhood illness (measles mumps rubella), insect borne viruses( west nile, EEE)

58
Q

what is meningitis and what can it be caused by

A

inflammation of meninges, membranes that surround brain and spinal cord. caused by virus or bacteria

59
Q

which has better prognosis, viral or bacterial meningitis

A

viral.

60
Q

what are symptoms of meningitis

A

severe headache, high fever, photophobia stiff neck, N&V, drowsiness and confusion, rash, seizures

61
Q

what are underwriting considerations for hydrocephaus

A

underlying cause if known, type of and respond to treatment, if shunt still in place then if there is hx of complications like blockages or infections, if any residuals

62
Q

the intracranial tumor that has a high cure rate with surgery alone is

A

meningioma

63
Q

the major known causes of epilepsy include all of the following except (thyroiditis, AVM, stroke, brain tumor? )

A

thyroiditis

64
Q

all of the following can cause epilepsy except (migraine, brain tumor, head injury, stroke)

A

migraine

65
Q

a stroke, as defined by The Who, includes which of the following: A) gradual onset of cerebral deficit, B) symptoms lasting more than 24 hrs, C) no apparent cause other than vascular

A

B and C are correct

66
Q

MS would have unfavorable prognosis with presence of which of the following? A) older age at onset B) bowel or bladder involvement C) relapsing remitting form

A

A and B are correct

ALU 201 (20 decks)

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