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A&P 1 > Chapter 8: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints

A

articulations; sites where 2 or more bones meet; weakest part of the skeleton; function to hold skeleton together and allow mobility

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2
Q

What are the functional classification of joints?

A

based on amount of movement allows at joing; synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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3
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immoveable joint

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4
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable joint

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5
Q

Diathrosis

A

freely moveable joint

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6
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints?

A

based on material binding 2 bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present; fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

parallel bones joined by collagen fibers of connective tissue; no joint cavity; ex) sutures (synarthrotic), inferiortibiofibular ligament (amphiarthrotic), interossesous membranes (amphiarthrotic)

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8
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

bones joined by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage); no joint cavity; ex) epiphyseal plate (synarthrotic), pubic symphysis (amphiathrotic), intervetebral discs (amphiarthrotic)

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9
Q

Synovial Joints

A

most abundant; bones separated by fluid filled cavity; other joints do not have fluid; all are diarthrosis (freely moving); almost all of the bones in the limbs are synovial

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10
Q

Features of Synovial JOints

A

articular cartilage, articular joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels

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11
Q

Articular Joint Capsule

A

outer fibrous layer (dense irregular CT) and is continous with the periosteum of bones; inner synovial membrane (loose CT) is continuous with articular cartilage; secretes synovial fluid

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12
Q

Joint Cavity

A

potential space; contains synovial fluid

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13
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

viscous fluid within joint cavity and articular cartilage; acts as a lubricate to decrease friction; nourishes articular cartilage

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14
Q

Ligaments

A

thick bands of dense irregular tissue that reinforce and strengthen joint; connects two bones; avascular and does not heal well

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15
Q

Nerves and Blood Vessels

A

some nerves detect pain; most moniter joint position and stretch; blood vessels supply synovial membrane ( it needs fluid from blood to make synovial fluid)

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16
Q

Joints are stable when….

A

articular surfaces are large and fit closely together (sutures) or sockets are deep (acetabulum); ligaments are positioned to reinforce joint and prevent undesireable movement; there is adequate muscle tone which is tension in a relaxed muscle and is the most important stabilizing factor of most joints

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17
Q

Bursae

A

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane; contain synovial fluid; occur where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub against each other; functoin to reduce friction during joint activity

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18
Q

Tendon Sheaths

A

elongated fluid filled sacs that wrap around tendons subject to friction; occur where several tendons are crowded together; function to reduce friction during joint activity

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19
Q

What are the different categories of movement at synovial joints?

A

gliding movements, angular movements, rotational movement, and special movements

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20
Q

Gliding Movements

A

sliding the flat surface of 2 bones across each other; ex) intercarpal, intertarsal, intervertebral joints

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21
Q

What are the different angular movements?

A

increasing or decreasing the angle between two bones; flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

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22
Q

Flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones along the sagittal plane; ex) bending the head forwards

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23
Q

Extension

A

increasing angle between 2 bones along sagittal plane; ex) straightening flexed neck

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24
Q

Hyperextension

A

increasing angle of joint beyond anatomical position

25
Q

Abduction

A

moving a limb away from the midline of body along frontal plane; ex) raising arm to the side

26
Q

Adduction

A

moving a limb toward midline of body along frontal plane; ex) lowering arm to the side

27
Q

Circumduction

A

moving a limb or fongers so that the distal end moves in a circle; ex) shoulder, hip joint, finger

28
Q

Rotational Movement

A

turning a bone around its own long axis; ex) rotation of atlas around dens of axis, lateral rotation of thigh and medial rotation of thigh

29
Q

What are the special movements of joints?

A

supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion; protraction/retraction; elevation/depression; opposition

30
Q

Supination/Pronation

A

refer to movements of radius around the ulna; supination- radius and ulna are parallel, palms face anteriorly or superiorly; pronation- distal end of radius corsses over ulna, palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly

31
Q

Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion

A

refers to the up/down movement of foot; dorsiflexion- lifting the foot at the ankle; plantar flexion- pointing the toes down

32
Q

Inversion/Eversion

A

inversion- sole of foot turns medially; eversion- sole of the foot turns laterally

33
Q

Protraction/Retraction

A

anterior/posterior movements in the transverse plane; protraction- anterior movements of mandible; retraction- posterior movements of mandible

34
Q

Elevation/Depression

A

superior/inferior movements of a body part; elevation- superior movements of mandible or shoulder; depression- inferior movement of mandible or shoulder

35
Q

Opposition

A

touching your thumb to tips of fingers

36
Q

Non-Axial Movement

A

gliding movements only

37
Q

Uniaxial Movement

A

movement in one plane

38
Q

Biaxial Movement

A

movement in two planes

39
Q

Multiaxial Movement

A

movement in or around all three planes

40
Q

Plane Joint

A

bones that are flat and can only glife; nonaxial; intervertebral , intercarpal, joints between vertebral articular surfaces

41
Q

Hinge Joint

A

uniaxial; cylinder/trough between 2 bones like hinge of a door; elbow joints, interphalangeal joints (the joints that are only between the phalanges and metacarpal)

42
Q

Pivot Joints

A

uniaxial; sleeve and axle; proximal radioulnar joint; atlantoaxial joint

43
Q

Condylar Joint

A

biaxial movements; slightly concave surface coming into contact with convex surface; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction; metacarpophalangeal (knuckle joints), wrist joints

44
Q

Saddle Joints

A

biaxial movement; looks like a saddle; adduction/abduction, flexion/extension; carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

45
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

multiaxial movement; shoulder and hips joints; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and rotation

46
Q

Sprains

A

ligaments are stretched and torn; heal poorly because it is poorly vascularized; completely torn ligaments can be sewn back together or replaced with grafts of tendons

47
Q

Dislocation

A

aka luxations; bones are forced out of alignment; treated by reduction (bone ends repositioned)

48
Q

Cartilage Tears

A

most involve the knee meniscil treated with arthroscopic surgery

49
Q

What are the inflammatory and degenerative conditions of the joints?

A

bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis, osteoarthritis , rheumatoid arthritis , gouty arthritis , lyme disease

50
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa; usually caused by a blow or prolonged pressure; housemaids knee or students elbow; treatment: rest, ice and injection of anti inflammatory drugs

51
Q

Tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon; usually caused by repetitve movement; tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) or golfers elbow (medial epicondylitis); treatment: rest, ice, bracing, and injection of antiinflammatory drugs

52
Q

Arthritis

A

inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints; most widespread, crippling disease in N. America; 1 in 5 are affected ; may be acute or chronic

53
Q

Acute Arthritis

A

usually result from bacterial infection; treated with anitbiotics

54
Q

Chronic Arthritis

A

long lasting; 3 common forms: osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; and gouty arthritis

55
Q

Osetoarthritis

A

“wear and tear arthritis”; most common form of chronic arthritis; articular cartilage destroyed more rapidly than it is replaced; progression is slow and irreversible, but rarely crippling; joints are stiff in the mornings but lessens with activity; typically accompanied by crepitus (that weird popping sound ); more females affected than males

56
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

most crippling form; autoimmune disease; usually arises between ages 30 and 50; more females than males affected; involves restriction of joint movement and extreme pain; usually bilateral; immunosuppressive drugs slow progression

57
Q

Gouty Arthritis

A

tends to run in families (genetic); caused by high blood levels of uric acid that is deposited as sharp urate crystals in joints; first attack is usually affects the joint at base of big toe; more males affected than females; if left untreated bone ends fuse; patients advised to drink lots of water and avoid excess alcohol consumption

58
Q

Lyme Disease

A

inflammatory disease caused by a spirochete bacterium; transmitted by ticks that live on deer or mice; hard to diagnose; symptoms may include: joint pain, flu-like symptoms, foggy thinking, and/or a skin rash

59
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

inner layer of articular capsule; creates synovial fluid

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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