Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another
2
Q
Physiology
A
concerns the function of the body; how the body works and carry out their life sustaining activities
3
Q
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
A
the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (heart, lungs, kidneys)
4
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
all the structures in a particular region of the body (ie leg) are examined at the same time
5
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
body structure is studied system by system (ex: cardiovascular system you would look at the heart and blood vessels of the entire body)
6
Q
Surface Anatomy
A
study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface; uses palpations
7
Q
What are the subdivisions of gross anatomy?
A
regional, systemic, and surface anatomy
8
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
9
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells
10
Q
Histology
A
study of tissues
11
Q
What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?
A
cytology and histology
12
Q
Developmental Anatomy
A
traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan
13
Q
Where does physiology often focus?
A
on molecular or cellular level
14
Q
Principle of Complementary of Structure and Function
A
what a structure can do depends on its specific form
15
Q
What is the simplest level of structural hierarchy?
A
chemical level
16
Q
What is the smallest living thing?
A
cells
17
Q
Tissues
A
groups of similar cells that have a common function
18
Q
What are the four basic tissue types?
A
epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous
19
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
covers the bodies surface and lines cavities
20
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
provides movement
21
Q
Connective Tissue
A
supports and protects body organs
22
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
23
Q
Organ
A
discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific functions for the body
24
Q
Organ System
A
group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function ie nervous system
25
What is the highest level of organization?
the organism
26
Organismal Level
represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
27
Integumentary Sys
aka skin; encloses the whole body, protects internal organs from drying out, infection, heat, sunlight, chemical etc
28
Movement
includes the activities promoted by the muscular sys; also occurs when substances go through internal organs (such as blood)
29
Contractility
muscle cells ability to move by shortening
30
Reponsiveness
aka excitability; the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment then respond to them
31
Digestion
the breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
32
Metabolism
includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
33
Excretion
process of removing wastes from the body
34
Growth
an increase in size of a body part or organism as a whole; usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells
35
What are some of our survival needs?
nutrients (food), oxygen, water, appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
36
Nutrients
chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building
37
Oxygen
nutrients is useless without oxygen because the chemical reactions needed are oxidative
38
Water
50-60% body weigh; most abundant chemical substance; provides watery environment for reactions and fluid base
39
Normal Body Temp
must be maintained; too low temps causes reactions to slow and eventually stop; too high temps cause reactions to speed up and eventually stop
40
What generates most of our body heat?
muscular system
41
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
force that air exerts on the body; breathing depends on appropriate pressure
42
Homeostasis
state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment
43
Receptor
first component; sensor that monitors environment; responds to stimuli (change) by sending info to control center
44
Control Center
determines the set point (level that variable is to be maintained); analyzes input by comparing to set point and determines appropriate response; info flows from control center to effector
45
Effector
carries out the control centers response to the stimulus
46
Negative Feedback Mechanism
most common homeostatic control mechanism; net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original system or reduces intensity; goal of preventing severe changes in the body
47
Positive Feedback Mechanism
initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further reponses are even greater; ie labor/childbirth and blood clotting
48
Anatomical Position
body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward, and thumbs point away from the body
49
Superior
aka cranial; toward the head or upper part of a structure on the body; ex) head is superior to abdomen
50
Inferior
aka caudal; away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; ex) naval is inferior to chin
51
Anterior
aka ventral; toward or at the front of the body; ex) breastbone is anterior to the spine
52
Posterior
aka dorsal; toward or at the back of the body; behind; ex) heart is posterior to the breastbone
53
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of; ex) heart is medial to the arm
54
Lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the other side of; ex) the arms are lateral to the chest
55
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure; ex) collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
56
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk; ex) elbow is proximal to the wrist
57
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk; ex) knee is distal to the thigh
58
Superficial
aka external; toward or at the body surface; ex) skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
59
Deep
aka internal; away from the body surface; more internal; ex) the lungs are deep to the skin
60
Axial Part
makes up the main axis of our body; includes head, neck, and trunk
61
Appendicular Part
consists of appendages or limbs which are attached to the bodys axis
62
Sagittal Plane
vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
63
What is it called when the sagittal plane is directly in the middle of the body?
midsagittal plane or median plane
64
What is it called when the sagittal plane is offset from the middle of the body?
parasagittal plane
65
Frontal Plane
lie vertically; divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
66
Transverse Plane
horizontal; divide body into superior and inferior parts; aka cross section
67
Dorsal Body Cavity
protects the fragile nervous sys organs; cranial cavity (in the skull encasing the brain) and vertebral/spinal cavity (runs within bony vertebral column, encloses spinal fluid)
68
Ventral Body Cavity
more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities
69
What are the two subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
70
Thoracic Cavity
surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest; subdivided into lateral pleural cavities (each enveloping a lung) and the medial mediastinum (contains pericardial cavity including heart and other remaining thoracic organs trachea, esophagus etc)
71
What separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?
diaphragm
72
What are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc) and pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs, rectum)
73
Parietal Serosa
part of the double layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity
74
Visceral Serosa
part of the double layered membrane that lines the outer surfaces of organs within the ventral body cavity
75
What quadrants is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into?
right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
76
What are the nine quadrants the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into?
umbilical region, pubic (hypogastric) region, right and left inguinal or iliac region, right and left lateral lumbar region, right and left hypochondriac region,
77
Umbilical Region
centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
78
Epigastric Region
superior to the umbilical region
79
Pubic (hypogastric) region
located inferior to umbilical region
80
Right and Left Inguinal or Iliac Region
lateral to the hypogastric region
81
Right and Left Lateral Lumbar Region
lie lateral to the umbilical region
82
Right and Left Hypochondriac Region
lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs
83
Oral and Digestive Cavity
oral cavity contains teeth and gums, part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the body exterior at the anus
84
Nasal Cavity
located within and posterior to the nose; part of respiratory sys pathways
85
Orbital Cavitities
in the skull; house the eyes and present them in an anterior position
86
Middle Ear Cavity
just medial to the eardrums; contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
87
Synovial Cavities
joint cavities; enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moveable joints
88
Form _____________ function
determines
89
Form = ___________ and Function =___________
anatomy; physiology
90
Complementarity
inseparable relationship between structure and function
91
Levels of Organization from Smallest to Largest
chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
92
Integumentary System
forms external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors; and sweat and oil glands
93
Skeletal System
protects and supports body organs; provides framework for the muscles to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; bones store minerals
94
Muscular System
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression; maintain posture; and produces heat
95
Nervous System
fast acting control system; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
96
Endocrine System
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
97
Cardiovascular System
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dixode, nutrients, wastes, etc; the heart pumps blood
98
Lymphatic System/ Immunity
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity
99
Respiratory System
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; exchanges occur through the wall of the air sacs of the lungs
100
Digestive System
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eleminated as feces
101
Urinary System
eliminates nitogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
102
Reproductive System
overall function to produce offspring; stops/regulates bone growth
103
What are the requirements of life/necessary life functions?
maintaining boundaries; movement; responsiveness; digestion; metabolism; excretion; reproduction
104
Catabolism
large to small breakdown
105
Anabolism
build large from small
106
Reproduction
division of cells (mitosis) for growth and repair; reproduction of off spring; creating offspring is not critical for the individual but it is for the species
107
What are the survival needs?
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure
108
Nutrients
must consume nutrients; carbs proteins and lipids
109
Proteins
building blocks of bones, muscles, cartiledge, and skin
110
Fats
long term energy; energy reserve; is used if carbs are not available
111
Carbohydrates
main source of energy for cells
112
Minerals and Vitamins
minerals serve as a structural component (calcium) and vitamins are involved with metabolism (vit. A)
113
Oxygen
acts as a final electron acceptor in cellular respiration (ATP production); without oxygen cells can not make ATP
114
Water
most abundant compound in the body (50-60% of body weight); provides environment that is necessary for chemical reactions to occur; body/kidneys are good at retaining water
115
Normal Body Temp
temps higher or lower than 37 degrees C affect rates of chemical reactions; if too high enzymes can break down; body actually functions best one degree above 37
116
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
specific air pressure needed for breathing and gas exhange in the lungs; above sea level- lower air pressure; below sea level- higher air pressure
117
Homeostasis
means steady state; ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in external environment; involves all organ systems but nervous and endocrine sys most important
118
What does the inability to maintain homeostasis lead to?
disease
119
What is involved in the homeostatic control mechanism?
receptor (sensor); control center; and effector
120
If you are talking about arm or leg do not use....?
superior/inferior; only use superior/inferior if referring to the trunk or head
121
Our anterior/posterior is what on four legged animals?
ventral/dorsal
122
Proximal/distal is only used for....?
arms and legs
123
Planes
are surfaces along which the body or structures are cut
124
Sections
are cuts made along a body plane; named after the plane
125
Oblique Plane
divides the body at an angle; any angle other than trasverse, coronal, or sagirtall
126
Dorsal Body Cavity
protects central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord (just the cord not the nerves coming out); dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and vertebral cavity
127
What is the brain and spinal cord covered in?
meninges, which are only in the brain and spinal cord they are covered in fluid
128
Ventral Body cavity
houses internal organs; subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
129
What are all the organs in the ventral body cavity called?
viscera
130
The diaphragm is not....
in the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity; it is a dividing mark between the two cavities
131
What is the thoracic cavity divided into?
plural cavities; mediastinum
132
Plural Cavities
contain the lungs; one cavity for each lung
133
Mediastinum
contains the pleural cavity and houses the heart; the superior mediastinum hoses the heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, etc and the inferior mediastinum is pericardial cavity
134
What is between the visceral membrane and parietal membrane?
serous fluid
135
Pericardium
membranes associated with the heart; parietal pericardium (covers pericardial cavity); visceral pericardium (lines the heart)
136
Pleurae
membranes associated with the lungs; parietal pleura (lines pleural cavity); visceral pleura (covers the lungs)
137
Peritoneum
organs of the abdominopelvic cavity; parietal peritoneum lines abdominal pelvic cavity; visceral peritoneum: most of the abdominopelvic cavity
138
Retroperitoneum and examples
organs that are behind the peritoneum; adrenal gland, kidneys, pancreas (except the tail), ascending and descending colon
