Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS Development

A

neural tube formed by week 4; brain develops from anterior portion of neural tube; spinal cord develops from posterior porition of neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 Primary Brain Regions Form

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain; from these 3 primary regions 4 adult brain structures develop (cerebrum, dienchephalon, brain stem and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gender Specific Differences Appear…

A

during embryonic development; determined by presence of testosterone; sex differenetiation of genitals take place during first 2 months of pregnancy; sexual diffeentiation of the brain starts in the second half of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cavities (ventricles) develop within the brain

A

they are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CF) and lined by ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

each consist of 5 lobes; frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gyri

A

gyrus; raised areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Suri

A

sulcus; shallow depressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Central Sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

A

separates parietal and occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fissures

A

deep depressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

separates parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Transverse Cerebral Fissure

A

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outermost layer of cerebrum; consists of grey matter containing interneuron cell bodies and dendrites; each hemisphere sends and receives info from OPPOSITE sides of the body; contains 3 functional areas- motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Motor Areas

A

control voluntary movement; located in posterior part of frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

located in presentral gyrus of frontal lobe; controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles on opposite side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

anterior to primary motor cortex; helps plan movements of complex tasks (typing, playing muscial instruments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Brocas Area

A

present in 1 hemisphere only (usually left); controls muscles of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Frontal Eye Field

A

control voluntary movement of eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sensory Areas

A

deal with conscious awareness of sensation; located in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

located in post central gyrus of parietal lobe; receives sensory info from sensory receptors in skin and proprioceptors on opposite side of body; exhibits somatotpy (a specific part of the body is associated with a distinct location in the CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Somatosensory Association Cortex

A

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex; integrates sensory input based on past experiences; like placing hand on hot stove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

located in occipital lobs; receives visual input from retina of eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

location in superior portion of temporal lobe; receives auditory input from inner ear (cochlea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vestibular (Equlibrium) Cortex

A

located in insular lobe; responsible for conscious awareness of balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex

A

located in uncus (underneath) of temporal lobe; receives smell input from nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gustatory Cortex

A

located in insular lobe; receives taste input from taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of matter is the cerebral cortex?

A

grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres Exhibit a Division of Labor

A

aka lateralization; left hemisphere is more focused on language, math and logic; right hemisphere more involved with intuition, emotion, artistic and muscial skills; 90% of people are left hemisphere dominant and right handed; 10% of people are reversed or they share equal function and most are left handed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Grey and White Matter

A

grey matter is unmyelinated (and mostly cell bodies and dendrites) and white matter is myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A

deep to the cortex; houses lateral ventricles (separated from each other by septum pellucidum); consists of myelinated axons bundled into tracts; allows communication within brain and between brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Association Fibers/Tracts

A

connect different parts of the SAME hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Commissural Fibers/Tracts

A

connect right and left hemispheres (corpus callosum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Projection Fibers/Tracts

A

connect cerebral hemispheres to spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cerebral Nasal Nuclei (ganglia)

A

islands of gray matter within white matter of the cerebrum; influence muscle movements directed by the primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Diencephalon

A

forms central core of brain; consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Thalamus

A

encloses third ventricle; relay sensory info to and motor info from cerebrum; routes incoming information to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex; contains nuclei that play a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hypothalamus

A

visceral control center; associated with optic chiasm and infundibulum of pituitary gland; chief integration center of autonomic (involuntary) nervous sys; contains nuceli that regulate body temp, hunger, water balance/thirst and sleep/wake cycles; contains anterior pituitary; produces 2 hormones (oxytocin and ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Epithalamus

A

consists of pineal gland (secretes melatonin; helps regulate sleep/wake cycles) and the posterior commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Brain Stem

A

consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Midbrain

A

contains nuclei that house- visual reflex center, auditory reflex center, dopamine releasing neurons; contains projection fibers; encloses cerebral aqueduct

42
Q

Pons

A

relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum; contains pontine respiratory center (helps regulate rate and depth or breath); contains projection fibers

43
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

relays sensory info to the somatosensory cortex and cerebellum; contains nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing, swallowing, hiccuping, and sneezing; contains projection fibers; amin site of decussation (crossing over of neurons)

44
Q

Cerebellum

A

processes infor from cerebral motor cortex, propriocepter, visual pathways and equillibrium pathway; responsible for balance posture, and smooth coordinated skeletal muscle movements; white matter known as “arbor vitae”

45
Q

Functional Brain Systems

A

network of neurons found in different regions of the brain that work together; include limbic system and reticular formation

46
Q

Limbic System

A

includes cerebral (hippocampus, amygdala) and diencephalon (thalamus, hyppothalamus structures); combines higher mental function and primitive emotions into a single sys, the emotional nervous sys; mediates emotional response; involved in memory processing and motivation; involved in the bodys response to stress (connected to endocrine and autonomic NS)

47
Q

Reticular Formation

A

extends through brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata); reticular activating sys (RAS) keeps cerebral cortex alert and conscious (inhibited by sleep center in hypothalamus; depressed by alcohol, sleep inducing drugs and tranquilizers); filters out repetitive, familiar or weak signals (like you dont feel your clothes after a while) (LSD blocks this filter)

48
Q

What controls higher mental functions?

A

cerebrum

49
Q

Language

A

left cerebral hemisphere is language dominant hemisphere in most individuals (contains brocas and wenikes areas)

50
Q

Broca’s Area

A

controls muscles of speech; if damaged you have difficulty speaking, not in understanding language

51
Q

Wernike’s Area

A

enables you to understand spoken and written words; if damaged you can not understand language; the muscles still work but anything you say is nonsense

52
Q

Memory

A

involves storage and retrieval of information

53
Q

Short Term Memory

A

working memory; temporary memory storage; may be transfered to LTM (can take minutes or hours)

54
Q

What is the transfer of short term to long term memory influenced by?

A

emotional state, rehearsal. association

55
Q

Long Term Memory

A

LTM; limitless capacity

56
Q

Brain Wave Patterns

A

reflect electrical activity of the cerebrum; recorded in an EEG (electroencephalogram)

57
Q

What are the four types of brain wave patterns?

A

alpha, beta, theta, delta

58
Q

Alpha Waves

A

regular, rhythmic, low amplitude waves; indicate a relaxed state of wakefulness

59
Q

Beta Waves

A

less regular than alpha and higher frequency; indicate mental alertness

60
Q

Theta Waves

A

much more irregular; common in children but rare in adults

61
Q

Delta Waves

A

high amplitude waves; occur during deep sleep; indicate brain damage in awake adults

62
Q

What does is mean to be clinically dead?

A

flat EEG; no brain waves in cerebrum

63
Q

Sleep

A

a state of partial unconsciousness ; can be aroused by stimulation

64
Q

NREM Sleep

A

non rapid eye movement sleep; 4 stages

65
Q

Stage 1 of NREM

A

relaxation begins; alpha waves; easily aroused

66
Q

Stage 2 of NREM

A

irregular EEG with sleep spindles; arousal more difficult

67
Q

Stage 3 of NREM

A

theta and delta waves; vital signs decline

68
Q

Stage 4 of NREM

A

delta waves; arousal difficult; bed wetting, night terrors, and sleepwalking may occur

69
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement sleep; most dreaming occurs; vital signs increase; skeletal muscles (except ocular and diaphragm) are inhibited (prevents us from acting out our dreams)

70
Q

Hypothalmus and Sleep

A

hypothalamus dictates timing of sleep cycle and relfect a circadian (24 hour) rythm; inhibits RAS; releases orexins (wake up chemicals)

71
Q

Protection of the Brain includes

A

bones, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier

72
Q

Meninges

A

connective tissue membranes; order: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the inner layer is the pia mater

73
Q

Dura Mater

A

outermost meninge; leathery; 2 layered sheet of fibrous connective tissue fused together EXCEPT at doral venous sinuses

74
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses

A

collect venous blood from brain and empty it into internal jugular veins

75
Q

Meningeal dura mater invaginates to form…

A

3 septae that limit movement of the brain; falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebrelli

76
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

middle meninx; spider web like extensions dip into subarachnoid space (contains CSF and large blood vessels); arachnoid granulation (knob like extension) absorb CSF into dural venous sinuses

77
Q

Pia Mater

A

inner meninx; delicate layer “glued” to brain and spinal cord; arachnoid granulations (knob like extension) absorb CSF into dural venous sinuses

78
Q

What is meningitis?

A

inflammtion of the meninges

79
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

inflammation of brain

80
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

protects and nourishes brain and spinal cord; produced by ependmal cells of choroid plexuses in the ventricles; CSF produced at same rate as being absorbed

81
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

occurs when CSF production outpaces resorption; image of young child with swollen head

82
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

protective; helps maintain a stable environment; formed by brain capillaries surrounded by astrocytes (induce capillary endothelial cells to form tight junctions); the tight junctions allows nutrients and lipid-solubel sibstances to enter (o2, co2, alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics); barrier absent neat vomiting center nad hypothalamus

83
Q

Why is the blood-brain barrier absent near the vomiting center and hypothalamus?

A

so it can detect toxins in blood and hypothalamus regualtes a lot and needs access to the blood to monitor it

84
Q

Traumatic Brain Injuries

A

concussion, contusion (bruise on brain), subdural, or subarachnoid, hemorrhage (bleeding on brain), cerebral edema

85
Q

Cerebrovascular Accidents

A

CVAs; strokes; brain area dies due to lack of blood uspply; most common disorder

86
Q

Degenerative Disorders

A

alsheimers (degeneration of neurons –> dementia); parkinsons (degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons); huntingtons (hereditary, degeneration of basal nuclei and the cerebral cortex)

87
Q

Congenital Disorders

A

cerebral palsy (voluntary muscles poorly controlled or paralyzed; results from temporary lack of o2 during birth); anencephaly (cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop; die shortly after birth)

88
Q

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

A

extends from medulla oblongata to the conus medullaris (L1/L2 vertebra); cervical and lumbar enlargements indicate where nerves serving arms and legs arise

89
Q

Cauda Equina

A

nerve roots extending from the conus medullaris

90
Q

Filum Terminale

A

fibrous extension of conus medullaris; anchors cord to coccyx

91
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in humans?

A

31; the extra one is between occipital condyles and atlas

92
Q

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerves are there?

A

c-8, t-12,l-5, s,5

93
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

A

attach cord to dera mater

94
Q

The spinal cord is the….

A

major reflex center

95
Q

Spinal Nerves come out of…

A

intervertebral foramen

96
Q

Lateral horns of gray matter are only found…

A

in thoracic, S1, S2, regions

97
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders

A

damage to primary motor cortex (spastic paralysis); damage to spinal cord or ventral roots (flaccid paralysis); transcetion of cord below t1 and l1 (paraplegia); transection of cord in cervical region (quadriplegia)

98
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

polio, destroys motor cell bodies; poliovirus destroys motor neuron cell bodies in ventral horns (flaccid paralysis); death occurs when diaphragm paralyzed; prevented via vaccine

99
Q

Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

progressive destruction of motor neuron in ventral horns and descending tracts (flaccid paralysis); caused by environemental and genetic factor; death after 5 years

100
Q

Spina Bifida

A

conginetal disorder involving inadequate prenatal closure of vertebra; 70% caused by lack of folic acid in materal diet in early pregnancy

A&P 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions