Chapter 7: The Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
includes the skull, vertebral column ad thoracic cage; core; does not include arms, legs, or how they are attached
2
Q
Skull
A
includes cranium, facial bones, and hyoid bone; most are flat bones; all bones except mandible are connected by sutures (immovable joints)
3
Q
Cranial Bones
A
8; frontal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, sphenoid, ethmoid, pareital ???
4
Q
Frontal Bone
A
forms forehead and superior parts of the orbits
5
Q
Glabella
A
smooth area between orbits
6
Q
Parietal Bones
A
left and right; form superior and lateral cranium
7
Q
What are the four major sutures?
A
coronal, squamous, lambdoid, and sagittal suture
8
Q
Coronal Suture
A
junction of parietal bones and front bones
9
Q
Squamous Suture
A
junction of parietal bones and temporal; looks like an ‘s’
10
Q
Lambdoid Suture
A
junction of parietal and occipital bone
11
Q
Sagittal Suture
A
superior junction of the 2 parietal bone
12
Q
Sutural Bones
A
bones may occur within sutures; aka Wormian; normally at lambdoid bones
13
Q
Occipital Bone
A
forms posterior cranium; articulates with temporal bone at occipitamastoid bone
14
Q
Landmarks of the Occipital Bone
A
foramen magnum and occipital condyles
15
Q
Foramen Magnum
A
hole thru which brain stem connects with spinal cord
16
Q
Occipital Condyles
A
rounded projection lateral to foramen magnum; articulate with 1st vertebra (atlas is the name of the first vertebra)
17
Q
Temporal Bones
A
form inferolateral parts of the skull
18
Q
Lands marks of the Temporal Bone
A
zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus, mandibular fossa, squamous portion, pertrous part
19
Q
Zygomatic Process
A
fuses with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch
20
Q
Petrous Part
A
contains auditory ossicles
21
Q
Sphenoid Bone
A
bat shaped keystone bone of cranium; all of the cranial except mandible articulate with it
22
Q
Landmarks of the Sphenoid Bone
A
lesser wings; optic canal; greater wing; sella turcia; superior orbital fissure
23
Q
Optic Canal
A
passageway for optic nerve
24
Q
Sella Turcia
A
houses pituitary gland
25
Ethmoid Bone
forms most of bony area between nasal and orbits
26
Landmarks of the Ethmoid Bone
crista galli, perpendicular plate, superior nasal conchae, middle nasal canchae, cribriform plates, cribriform foramina
27
Crista Galli
anchors brain/membranes around brain
28
Perpendicular Plate
forms superior part of nasal septum
29
Cribriform Plates
form roof of nasal cavity
30
Cribriform Foramina
tiny openings thru which filaments of olfactory nerves enter cranial cavity
31
Fontanelles
soft spots; fibrous membranes that allow compression of head at birth and accomdate early brain growth; replaces with bone; anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, and mastoid (the last three close by end of first year)
32
Anterior Fontanelle
largest; palpable for 1 1/2- 2 years after birth
33
How many facial bones are there?
14
34
Mandible
largest and strongest bone of the face
35
Landmarks of the Mandible
alveolar process, mental foramina, condylar process, coronoid process, ramus, mandibular angle, body
36
Condylar Process
articulates with temporal bone
37
Coronoid Process
insertion point for temporal muscles
38
Maxillae
paired bone fused medially; keystone of facial bones
39
Landmarks of Maxillae
infraorbital foramen; alveolar process, palatine process,
40
Nasal Bones
bridge of nose; lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones (cheek bones), inferior nasal conchae, vomer, palatine bones
41
Vomer
forms inferior part of nasal septum
42
Hard palate is formed by...
palatine bones and palatine process of maxillae
43
Hyoid Bone
only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone; fracture usually indicates strangulation
44
Orbits
bony cavity that contains the eyeballs; formed by parts of 7 bones: frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid
45
Nasal Cavity
consists of bones and hyaline cartilage
46
Lateral Walls of Nasal Cavity are Formed by
superior and middle conchae of ethmoid; perpendicular plate of palatine bone; inferior nasal conchae
47
Floor of Nasal Cavity Formed by
palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plane of palatine bones
48
Roof of Nasal Cavity Formed By
cribriform plates of ethmoid
49
Nasal Septum Formed by
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone; vomer; septal cartilage
50
Paranasal Sinuses
mucous lined; air filled cavities found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxilla; small openings connect sinuses to nasal cavity (allow mucous to drain)
51
What does the paranasal sinuses function to do?
lighten skull, warm and humidify air inhaled, enhance voice resonance
52
Vertebral Column
flexible, curved structure that protects the spinal cord; 5 regions; ligaments provide support; intervetebral discs act as shock absorbers
53
What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?
cervical (7 vertebra C1-C7); thoracic (12 vertebra T1-T12); lumbar (5 vertebra L1-L5); sacral (5 fused vertebra); Coccyx (3-5, typically 4, fused vertebra)
54
What is a herniated (slipped) disc?
rupture of the annulus fibrosus; allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude
55
What are the four curvatures of the spine?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
56
Cervical Curvature
concave posteriorly; like a inverted C
57
Thoracic Curvature
convex posteriorly; like a C
58
Lumbar Curvature
concave posteriorly; like a inverted C
59
Sacral Curvature
convex posteriorly; like a C
60
Primary Curvatures
convex; developed at birth; thoracic and sacral
61
Secondary Curvatures
concave; develop later; cervical (develops when baby starts to raise head; 3rd month) and lumbar (develops when baby walks; 1 year)
62
Scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine; looks like a S when looking at the posterior side
63
Kyphosis
hunchback; exaggerated thoracic curvature; common in the elderly
64
Lordosis
swayback; exaggerated lumbar curvature; common in pregnant women
65
Atlas
c1; no body or spinous process
66
Axis
c2; has a superior projecting knob like thing called the dens
67
What is being used when we shake our head "yes"?
atlas and occipital condyles
68
What is being used when we shake our head "no"?
atlas and dens of axis
69
Cervical spinous process is usually...
bifed shaped
70
Cervical transverse process is the only one with a...
foramina
71
Thoracic transverse process has....
facets for ribs
72
Thoracic Cage
includes thoracic vertebra, sternum, ribs and costal cartilage
73
Sternum
aka breastbone; includes manubrium, body, xiphoid process
74
Manubrium
has a jugular notch on the superior border; calvicular notch articulates with clavicles at clavicular notch; 1st and 2nd rib articulate with manubrium; sternal angle is even with 2nd rib
75
Body of Sternum
articulates with ribs 3-7
76
Xiphoid Process
hyaline cartilage in the beginning and later turns into ossified hyaline cartilage
77
Ribs and Costal Cartilages
all 12 pairs articulate with thoracic vertebrae; includes vertebrosternal ribs, vertebrochondral ribs, vertebral ribs
78
Vertebrosternal Ribs
attaches directly to the sternum via individual costal cartilages; 1-7
79
Vertebrochondral Ribs
attaches indirectly to sternum via 7th ribs; 8-10
80
Vertebral Ribs
attach to vertebrae only; 11 and 12
81
Appendicular Skeleton
includes bone of limbs and their girdles
82
Pectoral Girdles
attach upper limbs to axial skeleton; each consists of a clavicle and scapula
83
Clavicles
aka collarbones; articulates medially with the manubrium of sternum at the clavicular notch; articulate laterally with the acromion of scapula; act as braces and serve as attachment site for muscles
84
Clavicle is a S shaped bone...
medial 2/3 convex anteriorly; lateral 1/3 concaves anteriorly; fat end attaches to manubrium of sternum
85
Scapulae
aka shoulder blades; araticulates with distal ends of the clavicles laterally; does not articulate with the ribs or vertebral column (allows high degree of mobility)
86
Landmarks of Scapulae
superior, lateral, and medial border; superior and inferior angles; coracoid process; spine (only on posterior part); acromion; glenoid cavity (articulates with humerus)
87
Upper Limb
consists of arm, forearm, and hand (aka manus)
88
Humerus
articulates proximally with scapula (glenoid) cavity and distally with radius and ulna; is the arm
89
Proximal Landmarks of Humerus
head, greater and lesser tubercles; surgical neck (most common area for break)
90
Middle Landmarks of Humerus
deltoid tuberosity- v-shaped ridge
91
Distal Landmarks of Humerus
capitulum; trochlea; olecranon fossa
92
Capitulum
rounded, lateral condyle on anterior surface of humerus
93
Trochlea
angular, medial condyle on anterior surface of humerus
94
Olecranon Fossa
deep depression on posterior surface of humerus
95
Forearm
antebrachial; consists of the ulna and radius; held together along entire elngth by an interosseous membrane
96
Ulna
medial (in anatomical position); on pinky side
97
Proximal Landmarks of the Ulna
olecranon (elbow); radial notch
98
Radial Notch
depression; articulates with head of the radius
99
Distal Landmarks of the Ulna
head, ulnar styloid process
100
radius
lateral
101
Proximal Landmarks of the Radius
head, radial tuberosity
102
Distal Landmarks of Radius
ulnar notch, radial styloid process
103
Elbow Joint
capitulum of humerus articulates with head of radius; trochlea of humerus articulates with the ulna; olecranon fossa of humerous receives the olecranon (elbow) of the ulna when forearm is extended
104
Hand
includes bones of the carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges
105
Carpus
wrist; two irregular rows of 8 carpal bones
106
Metacarpals
palm; five metacarpal bones
107
Phalanges
fingers; all fingers except thumbs have three phalanges
108
Pelvic Girdle
attach lower limbs to the axial skeleton; formed by the sacrum and two coxal bones; each coxal bone subdivided into three regions; less flexible thhan pectoral girdle but more stable
109
Ilium
superior most region of the pelvic girdle
110
Landmarks of the Ilium
iliac crest; anterior and posterior superior iliac spines; anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines; greater sciatic notch; acetbulum; iliac fossa ; auricular surface; articular surface
111
Acetabulum
deep pocket; receives head of femur
112
Iliac Fossa
concavity
113
Auricular Surface
roughened surface; articulates with sacrum
114
Articular Surface
roughened surface; right and left pubic bones join forming pubic arch
115
Ischium
inferior most region; consists of ramus and body
116
Landmarks of the Ischium
ischial spine; lesser sciatic notch; ischal tuberosity
117
Ischial Tuberosity
rough, thickened area
118
Pubis
anterior most region; consists of ramus and body
119
The ilium, ischium, and pubis meet to form...
the acetabulum
120
The pubis and ilium meet to form the...
obturator foramen
121
False Pelvis
anything above the pelvic brim
122
True Pelvis
anything below pelvic brim
123
Lower Limb
consists of thigh, leg, and foot
124
Thigh
is the femur; largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body; articulates proximally with the pelvis (acetabulum) and distally with tibia and fibula
125
Proximal Landmarks of the Femur
head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter
126
What is typically broken when we say "broken hip"?
neck of the femur; it is the weakest part of the femur
127
Middle Landmark of the Femur
linea aspera: vertical ridge on posterior surface
128
Distal Landmarks of the Femur
lateral and medial condyles; intercondylar fossa; patellar surface
129
Lateral and Medial Condyles of the Femur
rounded projection on posterior surface
130
Intercondylar Fossa of the Femur
deep depression between lateral and medial condyles
131
Patellar Surface of the Femur
smooth area on anterior surface
132
Leg
consists of tibia and fibula; held together along entire length by an interosseous membrane
133
Tibia
medial legbone; articulates proximally with the femur and distally with the talus
134
Proximal Landmarks of the Tibia
medial condyle; lateral condyle; tibial tuberosity; superior tibiofibular joint
135
Middle Landmark of the Tibia
anterior border: vertical ridge on anterior surface
136
Distal Landmarks of the Tibia
medial malleolus (medial ankle); inferior tibiofibular joint
137
Fibula
lateral leg bone; articulate proximally with the tibia and distally with the tibia and talus
138
Proximal and Distal Landmark of the Fibula
proximal-head; distal-lateral malleolus (lateral ankle)
139
Foot
includes bone of the tarsus, metatarsus, and pahalanges
140
Talus
made up of 7 tarsal bones;2 largest are talus and calcaneus
141
Talus
ankle; articulates with tibia and fibula
142
Calcaneus
heal calcaneal (archilles) tendon attaches to posterior surface of the calcaneus
143
Metatarsus
made up of 5 metatarsal bones; articulates proximally with tarsals and distally with phalanges; distal part of metatarsal forms ball of the foot
144
Phalanges (toes)
all toes except the great toe has 3 phalanges; a proximal, distal, and medial
145
Arches of the Feet
develop during early childhood; function to distribute body weight, help with standing, stay balanced, and run/walk; fallen arches (flat feet) may be congenital or acquired later in life
146
Order of the Ear Bones
Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
