Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Chapter 3: Cells- The Living Units > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells- The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

cell is the smallest unit of life; all organisms are made of one or more cells; cells only come from other cells via mitosis or meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three main parts of the human cell?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are parts of the extracellular material?

A

extracellular fluid, cellular excretions, and extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

internal fluid located outside cells; includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid; dissolves and transports substances in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellular Excretion

A

include substances that aid in digestion (intestinal and gastric fluids) and some that act as lubricants (saliva, mucus and serous fluids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers; seperates the living cells; most abundant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; out limiting cell membrane; separates interstitual fluid and extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phospholipids

A

polar, hydrophilic head and nonpolar, hydrophobic tail; forms the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane; the hydorphilic heads face out while the hydrophobic tails face in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cholesterol

A

20% of plasma membrane is cholesterol; wedges its plate like hydrocarbon rings between the phospholipid tails, which stiffens the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transport Protein

A

spans the membrane and may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute OR some hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Integral Proteins

A

firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer; most are transmembrane proteins that span the entire membrane and protrude on both sides; all have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions which allows them to interact with the tails and heads of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some of the functions of cells and examples?

A

connect body parts, form lining, transport gases, etc; fibroblasts: part of connective tissue; erthrocytes: transport, red blood cells; epithelial: linings; skeletal and smooth muscle cells: move organs or body parts; Fat cells: store nutrients; White blood cells: fight disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

bathes all cells; contains substances cells need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blood Plasma

A

liquid component of blood; not in blood; it is outside of them in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

CSF; found in the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cellular Secretions

A

saliva, mucus, gastric juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

nonliving material consisting of proteins, polysaccharides, and fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All cells have….

A

plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm; except red blood cells- they get rid of their nucleus to make room to transport nutrients throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

selectively permeable outer boundary of cell; separates ICF from ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

intracellular fluid (ICF) that contains organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nucleus

A

control center of the cell; largest organelle in the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

A

lipid bilayer embedded with proteins; fluid mosaic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the membrane lipids?

A

phospholipids, cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Phospholipids

A

make up 80% of membrane; hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cholesterol

A

lipid (hydrophobic); makes up 20% od membrane; sandwiched between phospholipid tails; allows membrane to be more or less fluid; more cholesterol=less fluid; maintains membrane fluidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the membrane proteins?

A

integral and peripheral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Integral Proteins

A

embedded in some way (does not ncessarily have to be through the entire plasma membrane) to the fatty acid tails; if taken out it destroys the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

outside of membrane on the hydrophilic heads; can be removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the functions of the membrane proteins?

A

transport, receptors, anchor cytoskeleton fibrs, link cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Membrane Carbohydrates

A

short branching monosaccharides are attached to some extracellular surface (not the inside) proteins and phospholipids; they function as “name tags”; announcing to white blood cells who they are (a kidney cell) and who they belong to (you)

31
Q

Glycoprotein

A

protein with a carb attached to it

32
Q

Glycolipid

A

Carb attached to one of the fatty acid tails

33
Q

Cell junctions…

A

link cells together

34
Q

Tight Junctions

A

water/materials can not pass between them; impermeable; fuse cells together (a band not the whole cell); prevents materials from passing between cells- it makes the materials go through the cells; found in epithelial of skin and lining of digestive tract

35
Q

Desmosomes

A

spot welds; holds cells together in certain spots so its flexible; bind cells together in spots allowing tissue to be flexible; allows materials to pass between cells; found in epithelial of skin and heart muscle cells

36
Q

Gap Junction

A

hold cells together but allow rapid communication among cells ; channels that allow ions to pass from cytoplasm of one cell to cytoplasm of an adjacent cell; found in electrically excitable tissues (heart muscle, smooth muscle)

37
Q

Passive Transport

A

ATP not required (kinetic energy used not ATP); substances move from high to low concentration; includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

38
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

pass through bilayer without help; typically hydrophobic molecules or really small molecules

39
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

has to pass through a protein (because it may be too big or simply can not go through the membrane alone) but still does not use ATP

40
Q

Osmosis

A

water can move through bilayer because it is so small but aquaporins (proteins) are the main way water moves into cells; movement of h2o depends primarily on solute concentration; water always moves passively

41
Q

Active Transport

A

requires ATP; substances move from lower to higher concentrations (against the gradient)

42
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

example of active transport; they are constantly working to keep sodium and potassium at their respective levels; high na+ and low k+ outside cell and low na+ and high k+ inside ceel

43
Q

Only muscle and nerve cells can….

A

change their polarity

44
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

substances moved across membrane via vesicles; requires ATP; not moving directly through the phospholipid bilayer

45
Q

Endocytosis

A

form of vesicular transport; substances imported or brought in to the cell

46
Q

What are the three forms of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

large external particle surrounded by a pseudopod and becomes inclosed in the vesicle; non-selective

48
Q

Pinocytosis

A

fluid-phase endocytosis; brings fluid into the cell (and picks up whatever is in the fluid outside of the cell aka interstitial fluid); non-selective

49
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

selective; external substances binds to membrane proteins; only select for one thing

50
Q

Where is insulin created?

A

in the beta cells of the pancreas

51
Q

Exocytosis

A

substances exported out of the cell; secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, etc

52
Q

Cytoplasm

A

portion of cell between plasma membrane and nucleus; includes structures and stuff; mostly water; site of most cellular activity

53
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid portion containing dissolved solutes

54
Q

Inclusions

A

chemical compound and by products of cellular metabolism; ex) glycogen granules, lipid droplets, melanin granules

55
Q

What is glycogen?

A

stored energy but can be used immediately unlike fats; liver and muscle cells have glycogen (used in a situation such as fight or flight when you need immediate energy)

56
Q

What is found in the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, inclusions, non-membranous structures, and organelles

57
Q

Organelle

A

any membrane bound structure found in cells

58
Q

What are the non-membranous structures?

A

ribosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton

59
Q

Ribosomes

A

dark staining granules composed of rRNA and protein; function- produce proteins

60
Q

Centrioles

A

paired barrel shaped structures made up of 9 triplets of microtubules; function- during cell division form spindle apparatus

61
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of three types of rods running through cytosol

62
Q

What are the three types of rods found in the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

63
Q

Microfilaments

A

strands of actin; very thin and looks like pearls twisted together; involved in muscle contraction;

64
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

size is between microfilament and microtubule; attach to desmosomes; provide resistance to mechanical strength

65
Q

Microtubules

A

think, fat, hollow; form centrioles, spindle apparatus, cilia and flagella

66
Q

Nucleus

A

largest organelle; control center of cell; houses DNA (genes); 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)

67
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces ATP (site of ATP synthesis); double membrane- smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane (studded with ribosomes)

68
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

studded with ribosomes that produces proteins that are going to be excreted from the cells such as insulin

69
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

lacks ribosomes; site of lipid metabolism and synthesis; drug detoxification (primarily in liver cells); Ca+2 storage in neurons and muscle cells- muscle cells and neurons can not contract/work without a storage of Ca+2

70
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

modifies proteins made by the rough ER; tags proteins with a “destination tag”; packages proteins for secretion from cell

71
Q

Lysosomes

A

suicide sacs; if cell needs to die all lysosomes bursts in the cell; membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes; site of intracellular digestion; such as pulling bacteria in through endocytosis and the lysosomes breaking it down

72
Q

What are the cellular extensions?tanc

A

cilia and flagellum and microvilli

73
Q

Cilia and Flagellum

A

hairlike extensions containing a central core of microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement (9 pairs in sets of two and a pair in the middle); cilia are short and propel substances across cell surface; flagellum are long and propels the cell itself

74
Q

Microvilli

A

extensions of the plasma membrane; cytoplasm extends up and forms microvilli; finger like projects (fatter than cilia and flagellum); increases surface area for absorption; intestinal and kidney cells for example

A&P 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions