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A&P 1 > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands

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2
Q

Skin

A

cover entire body surface; varies in thickness (1.5-4.0mm) thick; 2 distinct layers

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3
Q

What are the distinct layers of the skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; avascular; has free nerve endings

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5
Q

What are the cells types found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Dendritic (langerhans) cells; tactile epithelial (merkel) cells

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6
Q

Keratinocytes

A

most abundant type; produce hard keratin (hard protective protein); interconnected via tight junctions and desmosomes (which allow skin to be pliable)

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7
Q

Melanocytes

A

found in deepest epidermal layer (stratum basale); produce melanin (pigment transferred to keratinoctyes); melanin protects nucleus of keratinocytes from UV dammage (like an umbrella)

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8
Q

What does sun exposure do?

A

stimulates melanocytes to increase production of melanin which leads to darkening of the skin

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9
Q

Excessive Sun Exposure damages the skin….

A

leathery skin (clumping of elastic fibers); increase chance of skin cancer; depresses immune system

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10
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

aka Langerhans cells; defense cells; ingest foreign substances; activate immune responses

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11
Q

Tactile Epithelial Cells

A

aka Merkel cells; only tactile cells found in epidermis; located at epidermal/dermal junction; detect light pressure

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12
Q

Thick Skin

A

all layers are thicker and includes the stratum lucidum; no oil glands; made of 5 layers; includes the palms, fingertips, soles of feet; has a thicker stratum corneum; does not have hairs

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13
Q

Thin Skin

A

made of 4 layers; has oil glands; does not have stratum lucidum; found all over body except for palms, fingertips, soles of feet; has a thinner stratum corneum

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14
Q

Stratum Basale

A

deepest; single row of mitoti stem cells (produce new keratinocytes); will also find melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

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15
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

aka prickly area (becomes when you do a slide it separates the cells and you can see the desmosomes); several rows of keratinocytes connected via desmosomes; dendritic cells concentrated here

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16
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

aka granular layer; 1-5 rows of flattened keratinocytes connected via tight junctions; organelles deteriorating (too far away from nutrients); cytoplasm full of granules

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17
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

aka clear layer; ONLY found in thick skin; always on top of granulosum layers; few rows of flat dead keratinocytes

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18
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

aka horny layer (meaning thick or tough); 20-30 rows of flattened keratin packed cells; intercellular glycolipids provide waterproofing (between cells); sloughed off regulary; not the thickest layer in thin skin

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19
Q

Dermis

A

vascular, innervated; 2 layers: papillary dermis and reticular dermis; areolar tissue is normally below epidermis

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20
Q

Papillary Dermis

A

thin, uppermost dermal layer, about 20% of dermis; made of areolar tissue; projects into epidermis forming dermal papillae

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21
Q

Fingerprints

A

in growing fetus, dermal papillaw of thick skin cretae a unique pattern of epidermal ridges called friction ridges (aka fingerprints); fingerprints of identical twins are different (but they are more similar than siblings)

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22
Q

Reticular Dermis

A

thick, deep, dermal layer; about 80% of dermis; made of dense irregular connective tissue; collagen fibers form bundles that run paralell to the skin surface; spaces between collagen bundles form cleavage lines

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23
Q

What are stretch marks?

A

tears in the dermis; form striae

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24
Q

What are blisters?

A

fluid filled pocket formed at epidermis/dermis junction

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25
What three pigments determine skin color?
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
26
Carotene
orange, accumulates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat
27
Hemoglobin
RBC's in dermal blood vessels; veins appear blue because the hemoglobin is poorly oxidized; blue tinted skin is cyanosis
28
Hair
covers body except for palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external genitalia; 2 regions- shaft (projects above skin) and root (embedded in skin)
29
What are the two hair types?
vellus hairs- short and fine (like peach fuzz); terminal hairs- are coarse and thick
30
Hair Itself
consists of dead keratinized cells arragned in 3 concentric rings; cuticle, cortex, medulla
31
Cuticle
1 layer of hevily keratinized overlapping cells
32
Cortex
many layers of pigments cells (melanin, pheomelanin)
33
Medulla
core; cells contain air spaces; absent in fine/vellus hairs
34
Hair Matrix
cells that produce hair
35
Melanocytes
produce melanin and pheomelanin
36
Hair Papilla
dermal papilla that produces in hair bulb; contains knot of capillaries
37
Arrector Pili
follicle associated with an arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle); contractions force sebum out of hair follicle onto skin surface; causes hair to stand on end producing goose bumps
38
Nails
contain hard keratin; produced by nail matrix
39
Lunule
white proximal half-moon area; not the white part that you cut
40
Eponychium
cuticle
41
Sudoriferous Glands
sweat glands; two types eccrine and apocrine
42
Eccrine Glands
most of sweat glands; secretes primarily water, salts, traces of metabolic wastes and dermacidin (antibacterial) which keeps certain bacteria from living on skin and the acids help with bacteria
43
Apocrine Glands
begin functioning at puberty; has proteins and lipids but when the bacteria breaks down it starts to smell; NOT involved with temp control
44
What are modified apocrine glands?
ceruminous glands-produce cerumen (earwax); mammary glands- secrete milk
45
Sebaceous Glands
produce sebum; oil; lubricates skin and hair; help prevent water loss; everywhere except palms and feet
46
Functions of the Skin
protection, thermoregulation; sensation, production of vitamin D; blood resevoir; excretion
47
Protection
chemical barrier- acidic secretions, melanin, dermacidin and sebum; physical barrier-keratinized cells and glycolipids of epidermis; biological barrier- dendritic cells (epidermis) and macrophages (dermis)
48
Thermoregulation
sweating and shivering
49
Tactile Corpuscles
located in dermal papillae hairless skin; detect light touch
50
Lamellar Corpuscle
located in dermis and hypodermis; detect deep pressure
51
Hair Follicle Receptors
surround hair follicle bulb; detect hair deflection
52
Free Nerve Endings
epidermis and dermis; detect heat, cold, and pain
53
Production of Vitamin D
sunlight stimulates skin cells to produce vitamin D
54
Blood Resevoir
blood vessels in dermis hold 5% of blood volumEx
55
Excretion
small amounts of nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, ammonia) in sweat
56
Skin Cancer
most common type of cancer; 3 forms- basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcenoma, melanoma
57
Basal Cell Carcinoma
most common *80%); least malignant; grows slowly; arises from stratum basale cells
58
Squamous Cell Carcenoma
most often on head and hands; arises from stratum spinosum cells; grows rapidly and will metastasize; curable if caught early
59
Melanoma
rarest type (1%); but most deadly because highly metastic; arises from melanocytes
60
ABCD Rule of Melanoma
asymmetry- 2 sides of pigmented area dont match; border irregularity- borders indented; color- areas have several colors; diameter- spot is greater than 6 mm in diameter
61
1st Degree Burns
epidermis damage; localized redness
62
2nd Degree Burns
epidermis and upper dermis damaged; redness and blisters
63
3rd Degree Burns
full thickness; epidermis and entire dermis damaged; requires skin grafting
64
Burns are critical if...
> 25% of body has 2nd degree burns; >10% of body has 3rd degree burns
65
Immediate Threat of Burns
loss of body fluids
66
Subsequent Threat of Burns
infection and sepsis (leading cause of death) which is widespread bacterial infection

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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