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BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 8 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Joints Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Joints (Articulations) facts

A
  • Functional connections between bones
  • Bind parts of skeletal system together
  • Make bone growth possible
  • Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during
    childbirth
  • Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle
    contractions
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2
Q

Structural Classification of Joints:

A
  • Fibrous: Held together by dense connective tissue
  • Cartilaginous: Held together by cartilage
  • Synovial: Have a complex structure
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3
Q

Functional Classification of Joints:

SAD

A
  • Synarthrotic: Immovable
  • Amphiarthrotic: Slightly movable
  • Diarthrotic: Freely movable
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4
Q

Fibrous joints:

A
  • Held together with dense connective tissue containing many
    collagen fibers
  • Found in bones in close contact
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of Fibrous Joints?

A
  • Syndesmosis
  • Suture
  • Gomphosis
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6
Q

Syndesmosis

A
  • Bones bound by a sheet of dense connective tissue
    (interosseous membrane) or a bundle of dense connective
    tissue (interosseous ligament)
  • Amphiarthrotic (flexible, may twist)
  • Between tibia and fibula
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7
Q

Suture

A
  • Thin layer of connective tissue (sutural ligament) connects
    bones
  • Synarthrotic (immovable) between flat bones of skull
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8
Q

Gomphosis

A
  • Cone-shaped bony process in a socket
  • Synarthrotic (immovable)
  • Root of a tooth in maxilla or mandible held in place by
    periodontal ligament
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9
Q

Cartilaginous joints:

A

Connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Synchondrosis
  • Symphysis
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11
Q

Synchondrosis

A
  • Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
  • Synarthrotic
  • Some are temporary, such as epiphyseal plate
    (ossification converts this to a synostosis)
  • Some are permanent, such as between manubrium and
    the first rib (costal cartilages)
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12
Q

Symphysis

A
  • Pad of fibrocartilage between bones
  • Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
  • Amphiarthrotic (limited movement)
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
    (intervertebral discs)
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13
Q

Synovial Joints:

A
  • Most joints are synovial joints
  • All are diarthrotic joints
  • Have a more complex structure than fibrous or
    cartilaginous joints
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14
Q

Structure of a synovial joint:

A

Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones

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15
Q

Joint capsule consists of 2 layers:

A
  • Outer fibrous layer, composed of ligaments
  • Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid
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16
Q

Synovial joints consist of the following parts:

A
  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint capsule
  • Ligaments
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial cavity
  • Synovial fluid
  • Meniscus (-i) in some joints
  • Bursa (-ae) in some joints
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17
Q

There are 6 types of synovial joints, classified by shape and
movements they allow:

A

Ball-and-Socket, condylar, plane, hinge, pivot, saddle

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18
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joint:

A
  • Also called spheroidal joint
  • Round head in cup-shaped cavity
  • Widest range of motion
  • Multiaxial, plus rotation
  • Hip, shoulder
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19
Q

Condylar Joint:

A
  • Also called ellipsoidal joint
  • Oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity
  • Back-and-forth, side-to-side movement
  • Biaxial movement, no rotation
  • Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
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20
Q

Plane Joint:

A
  • Also called gliding joint
  • Almost flat, or slightly curved
  • Back-and-forth and twisting
  • Nonaxial movement
  • Wrist and ankle joints
21
Q

Hinge Joint:

A
  • Convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone
  • Uniaxial movement (in 1 plane)
  • Elbow, joints between phalanges
22
Q

Pivot Joint:

A
  • Also called trochoid joint
  • Cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone
  • Uniaxial movement
  • Rotation only
  • Atlas (C1) and dens of axis (C2)
23
Q

Saddle Joint:

A
  • Also called sellar joint
  • Both bones have concave and convex surfaces
  • Biaxial movement (in 2 planes)
  • Carpal and metacarpal of thumb
24
Q

Action of skeletal muscle produces…?

A

movement at synovial
joints

25
Q

Types of Joint Movements: Origin…?

A

Relatively fixed end of a skeletal muscle

26
Q

Types of Joint Movements: Insertion?

A

More movable end of a skeletal muscle

27
Q

Movement at a joint occurs when…?

A

a muscle contracts, and
its fibers pull the insertion toward the origin

28
Q

Flexion

A

Bending of parts at a joint

29
Q

Extension

A

Straightening of parts at a joint

30
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension beyond normal anatomical
position

31
Q

Lateral flexion:

A

Bending to the side

32
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a part of body away from midline

33
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a part of body toward midline

34
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Ankle movement which points toes upward

35
Q

Plantar flexion:

A

Ankle movement which points toes downward

36
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of a part of body in circular path

37
Q

Rotation

A

Moving a part of body around an axis

38
Q

Medial rotation:

A

Movement of limb so anterior surface moves toward
midline

39
Q

Lateral rotation:

A

Movement of limb so anterior surface moves away
from midline

40
Q

Supination

A

Forearm rotation so palm faces upward or forward, or
lying down face up (supine)

41
Q

Pronation

A

Forearm rotation so palm faces downward or backward, or
lying down face down (prone)

42
Q

Inversion

A

Turning of foot so plantar surface faces
midline

43
Q

Eversion

A

Turning of foot so plantar surface faces away
from midline

44
Q

Protraction

A

Movement of a body part forward

45
Q

Retraction

A

Movement of a body part backward

46
Q

Elevation

A

raising a body partde

47
Q

Depression

A

lowering a body part

48
Q

What are Examples of large, complex synovial (also freely movable)
joints?

A

Shoulder, Elbow, Hip, Knee

49
Q

Lifespan Changes

A
  • Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
  • Many people develop arthritis as they age
  • Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen, however,
    over a lifetime
  • Cartilage in synchondroses stiffens
  • Ligaments lose elasticity
  • Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish
    flexibility and decrease height (due to water loss from the
    intervertebral discs)
  • Synovial joints lose function, as capillary supply diminishes
  • Disuse hampers the nutrient supply to joints; speeds up
    stiffening
  • Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

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