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BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 6 - Skin > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Skin Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Integumentary System is made up by…?

A

(hair, nails, glands,
sensory receptors)

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2
Q

the Skin is…?

A
  • Largest organ by weight
  • Composed of several tissue types
  • Also called the cutaneous membrane
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3
Q

The skin contains what 2 layers?

A

epithelial tissue overlying connective tissue

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer Layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Basement membrane between epidermis and dermis

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5
Q

Dermis

A

Inner Layer of skin, thicker than epidermis

Connective tissue, with collagenous and elastic fibers,
muscle, blood, nervous tissue

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6
Q

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis):

A
  • Beneath dermis; insulating layer
  • Areolar and adipose connective tissue.
  • Not considered part of the skin
  • Contains blood vessels that supply skin
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7
Q

Epidermis, more info

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Lacks blood vessels
  • Deepest layer, stratum basale, nourished by blood vessels in dermis
  • As cells grow, they migrate toward free surface, away from nutrient supply
  • As they migrate, older cells, keratinocytes, begin to flatten and die
  • Thickest on palms and soles (0.8 through 1.4 mm)
  • Most of body has thinner epidermis, 0.07 through 0.12 mm
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8
Q

Keratinization

A

Process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation
that occurs in epidermal cells as they migrate outward

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9
Q

Keratin

A

Tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in the cells
* As cells reach outer surface, become tightly packed, develop desmosomes,
form outermost layer, stratum corneum

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10
Q

stratum corneum cells are…?

A

eventually shed from skin surface

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11
Q

What is the Function of the Epidermis?

A

protects against water loss, harmful chemicals, mechanical injury,
pathogens

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12
Q

What are the Special Cells of the Epidermis?

A

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells:

Tactile (Merkel) Cells:

Melanocytes:

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13
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells:

A
  • Found in the stratum spinosum
  • Phagocytes; protect skin and underlying tissues from infection
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14
Q

Tactile (Merkel) Cells:

A
  • Found in stratum basale
  • Along with sensory nerve endings, for Tactile Discs in dermis
  • Act as sensory receptors for light touch
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15
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Found in stratum basale
  • Produce the pigment melanin
  • Absorbs UV light from sunlight and provides skin color
  • Melanin is distributed to keratinocytes, to protect from UV
    radiation (DNA damage, fibroblast damage, skin cancer)
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16
Q

Skin color results mainly from…?

A

Melanin Pigment

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17
Q

What are other Factors affecting Skin Color?

A

Hereditary Factors and Albinism

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18
Q

Hereditary Factors

A
  • All people have same number of melanocytes, but vary in
    amount of melanin produced (this is under genetic control)
  • Varying distribution and size of melanin granules
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19
Q

Albinism

A

inherited mutation in melanin genes; lack
melanin

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20
Q

Environmental Factors to Skin Color

A

Sunlight, UV light from sunlamps, and X-Rays

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21
Q

Physiological Factors

A
  • Oxygenation in blood of dermal blood vessels: pinkish,
    cyanosis
  • Vasodilation/vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels
  • Accumulation of carotene pigment from diet
  • Jaundice
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22
Q

Dermis

A
  • Inner layer of skin
  • Average of 1 to 2 mm thick
  • Contains projections called dermal papillae between epidermal
    ridges
  • Binds epidermis to underlying tissues
  • Connective tissue layer, containing muscle fibers, nerve cell
    processes
  • Dermal blood vessels supply nutrients to all skin cells
  • Contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands
  • Contains sensory receptors: Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
    for pressure, Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles for light touch
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23
Q

The dermis consists of 2 layers which are…?

A

Papillary and Reticular layer

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24
Q

Papillary layer:

A
  • Superficial layer
  • Areolar connective tissue
  • Thinner of the 2 layers
  • Location of dermal papillae, which form fingerprints
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25
Q

Reticular layer:

A
  • Deeper layer
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Thicker of 2 layers
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26
Q

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the…?

A

Epidermis, extend into Dermis or Hypodermis

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27
Q

Accessory structures of the skin include…?

A
  • Hair follicles
  • Nails
  • Skin glands (sweat and sebaceous)
    If accessory structures remain intact, injured/burned dermis
    can regenerate
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28
Q

Nails

A

protective coverings on ends of fingers and toes

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29
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nail? CHECK THIS IN THE POWERPOINT

A
  • Nail plate (body): Visible portion, keratinized cells, overlies nail
    bed
  • Nail bed: Surface of skin, under nail plate
  • Nail matrix: Active growth region, not visible, at proximal end of
    nail bed
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30
Q

Lunula

A

Pale, half-moon-shaped region that lies over nail matrix;
nail matrix conceals deeper blood vessels

31
Q

Cuticle

A

Fold at proximal end of nail; part of stratum corneum that
extends slightly over nail

32
Q

Hair is present on all surfaces of skin except…?

A

palms, soles, lips, nipples,
parts of external reproductive organs

33
Q

Hair follicle:

A

Tube-like depression of epidermal cells from which hair
develops; extends into dermis or the subcutaneous layer

34
Q

Parts of Hair

A

Hair Root, Hair Bulb, Hair Shaft, Hair Papilla, Arrector pili Muscle

35
Q

Hair Root

A

Extends from skin surface to dermis or hypodermis

36
Q

Hair Bulb

A

Deepest part of hair root; contains dividing cells of hair matrix

37
Q

Hair Shaft

A

Portion of hair that extend beyond skin surface; composed
of dead, epidermal cells

38
Q

Hair Papilla

A

contains blood vessels to nourish hair
Hair color is due to type and amount of melanin

39
Q

Arrector pili muscle:

A

Attached to hair follicle; contracts in response to
cold or fear, and causes goosebumps

40
Q

Sebaceous Glands:

A
  • Holocrine glands
  • Usually associated with hair follicles
  • Produce sebum, which consists of fatty material and
    cellular debris
  • Sebum keeps hair and skin soft and waterproof
  • Excess sebum can result in acne
  • Absent on palms and sole
41
Q

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands:

A
  • Widespread in skin
  • Originate in deeper dermis or hypodermis as ball-shaped coils
42
Q

What are the types of Sweat Glands?

A

Eccrine (merocrine) glands:

Apocrine sweat glands:

Specialized sweat glands:

43
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) glands:

A
  • Most numerous, consist mainly of water, some salts, wastes
  • Respond to elevated body temperature
  • Open to body surface through pores
44
Q

Apocrine sweat glands:

A
  • Axillary and groin areas; open into hair follicles
  • Called apocrine, but secrete by exocytosis
  • Respond to emotions, pain
45
Q

Specialized sweat glands:

A
  • Ceruminous glands—ear wax
  • Mammary glands—milk
46
Q

Skin is…?

A

Versatile and vital for Homeostasis

47
Q

What are the functions of the Skin?

A

Protective Barrier, Sensation, Excretion, Protection of Vitamin D, Regulation of Body Temperature

48
Q

Protective barrier:

A

Protects against harmful substances,
UV radiation, microorganisms, water loss

49
Q

Sensation

A

Contains sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature changes, pain

50
Q

Excretion

A

of some wastes

51
Q

Production of Vitamin D

A

Starts in skin; when produced and activated, helps with calcium absorption

52
Q

Regulation of Body Temperature

A

Helps cool body by
sweating and blood flow changes

53
Q

What are the methods of Heat Loss through the Skin?

A

Radiation, Conduction, Convection, and Evaporation

54
Q

Radiation

A

Primary method, infrared heat rays travel from
warmer skin to cooler environment

55
Q

Conduction

A

Heat moves from warmer skin to cooler
objects it is in contact with

56
Q

Convection

A

Heat loss from skin into circulating air
currents

57
Q

Evaporation

A

Heat is lost through sweat as it evaporates,
and carries heat away from the skin

58
Q

When body temperature rises, what happens…?

A
  • Thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus
  • Vasodilation of dermal blood vessels
  • Vasoconstriction of deep blood vessels
  • Sweat glands are activated
59
Q

When body temperature falls, what happens…?

A
  • Thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus
  • Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels
  • Vasodilation of deep blood vessels
  • Sweat glands are inactive
  • Muscles contract involuntarily (shivering)
60
Q

Hyperthermia

A

abnormally high body temperature
* Can occur on hot, humid day, when sweat cannot evaporate
* When air temperature is high, radiation is less effective
* Body may gain heat from hotter air
* Skin becomes dry, person gets weak, dizzy, nauseous, with
headache, rapid pulse

61
Q

Hypothermia

A

abnormally low body temperature
* Can result from prolonged exposure to cold, or illness
* Shivering is involuntary skeletal muscle contraction, caused by
hypothalamus
* Progresses to confusion, lethargy, loss of reflexes and
consciousness
* Without treatment, organs shut down

62
Q

Inflammation

A
  • A normal response to injury or stress
  • Body’s attempt to restrict spread of infection
  • Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more
    permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged
    tissues
63
Q

Inflamed skin may become:

A
  • Reddened
  • Swollen
  • Warm
  • Painful
64
Q

A Shallow Cut results in…?

A

Shallow cuts only affects the epidermis, results in
epidermal cells along its margin dividing more rapidly than usual,
to fill gap

65
Q

A Deep Cut results in…?

A

reaching dermis or subcutaneous layer, results in
blood vessels breaking

66
Q

Released blood forms a…?

A

Clot

67
Q

What is the full process with a Deep Cut?

A
  • Clot consists of fibrin, blood cells, and platelets
  • Clot and dried tissue fluid form scab
  • Epithelial cells reproduce, fill in the wound
  • Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to bind wound together
  • Growth factors stimulate new tissue formation
  • Phagocytic cells remove dead cells and debris, scab sloughs off
  • Excess collagenous fibers may form elevated mass called a
    scar
68
Q

Burns are classified by…?

A

extent of tissue damage

69
Q

Superficial, partial-thickness (first degree) burn:

A
  • Injures only epidermis, as in sunburn; redness, heat,
    inflammation
  • Healing takes days to weeks, no scarring
70
Q

Deep, partial-thickness (second degree) burn:

A
  • Destroys epidermis and some dermis, as in burn from hot liquid
  • May blister, healing varies with severity of burn and stem cell
    survival
  • Stem cells in hair follicles and glands can help regenerate skin
  • Usually recovers completely, no scarring
71
Q

Full-thickness (third degree) burn:

A
  • Destroys epidermis, dermis, accessory structures
  • Results from prolonged exposure to heat, flames, hot
    liquids
  • Some healing from margins
  • Often requires skin graft, skin substitutes
72
Q

Rule of Nines:

A
  • Divides body surface into regions of 9% or multiples of 9
  • Used to estimate extent of injured body surface from a
    burn for treatment
  • From this estimate, plans to replace fluids, electrolytes,
    and skin can be figured
73
Q

Life-Span Changes

A
  • Cell cycle slows, skin becomes scaly, age spots appear
  • Epidermis and dermis become thinner
  • Loss of fat in subcutaneous layer; person feels cold
  • Wrinkling, sagging of skin occur
  • Sebaceous glands secrete less oil; skin becomes dry
  • Melanin production slows; hair whitens
  • Hair thins
  • Number of hair follicles decreases
  • Nail growth becomes impaired
  • Sensory receptors decline
  • Body temperature regulation becomes less effective
  • Diminished ability to produce Vitamin D

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

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