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BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 1 - Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Early healers depended on what ?
  2. What did studying cadavers bring us?
A
  1. Early healers depended on superstition and magic.

2.new knowledge of the human body

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2
Q

Anatomy?

A

The study of the structure/morphology of the
human body and its parts; derived from Greek for “a
cutting up

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3
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functions of the human body
and its parts; derived from Greek for “relationship to
nature

The structure of organs and parts of the human body
determines the function

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4
Q

Levels of Organization

SA MM OC TO OO

A

All materials, living or non-living, are composed of chemicals, which
consist of atoms.

Subatomic Particles, Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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5
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells

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6
Q

Atom

A

tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)

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7
Q

Molecule

A

particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)

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8
Q

Macromolecule

A

large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)

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9
Q

Organelle

A

functional part of a cell )mitochondrion, lysome)

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10
Q

Cell

A

basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, blood cel)

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11
Q

Tissue

A

layer or mass of cells with a specific function (adipose tissue)

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12
Q

Organ

A

group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)

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13
Q

Organ system

A

group of organs with a common function (digestive system)

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14
Q

Organism

A

composed of organ systems interacting (human)

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15
Q

Characteristics of Life

A

Growth: Increase in cell number and size and increase in
body size

Reproduction: Production of new cells and organisms

Responsiveness: Reaction to a change inside or outside
of the body

Movement: Change in body position or location; motion of
internal organs
Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in a living
system: Energy production and nutrient cycling

Respiration: Making energy. Most organisms do it by
taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

Digestion: Breaking down food into usable nutrients for
absorption into the blood

Circulation: Moving chemicals and cells through the body
fluids

Excretion: Removing waste products

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16
Q

Requirements of Organisms

A

Life requires these environmental factors: Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

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17
Q

Water

A

Most abundant substance in body

Environment for metabolic processes (intracellular and extracellular
fluids)

Required for transport of substances

Regulation of body temperature

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18
Q

Food

A

provides necessary nutrients to supply energy

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19
Q

Oxygen

A

releases energy from food

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20
Q

Heat

A

form of energy

helps maintain body temperature

partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

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21
Q

Pressure

A

Application of force on an object

Atmospheric pressure – important for breathing

Hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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22
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

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23
Q

Homeostatic Mechanisms

A

Self-regulating systems that
monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them
as needed

24
Q

3 parts of a Homeostatic Mechanism are?

R.E.C

A

Receptor: detects and provides information about the
stimuli (a change occurs in the internal enviroment)

Control Center: decision-maker that maintains the set
point (the change is compared to the set point)

Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control
center, and causes the necessary change in the internal
environment

25
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Most common type of homeostatic mechanism

Effectors return conditions toward normal range, and the
deviation from set point lessens

Called “negative” because the response to the change
moves the variable in the opposite direction of the
deviation from the set point

Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

Examples: Negative feedback controls body temperature,
blood pressure, and glucose level in the blood

26
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Uncommon feedback mechanism in the body

The change/deviation is intensified, instead of reversed

Activity of effector is increased initially, instead of
decreasing

Short-lived

Produce unstable conditions, that seem like they will not
lead to homeostasis, but they will.

Examples: Blood clotting and the uterine contractions of
childbirth

27
Q

The human body consists of 2 main portions which are?

A

Axial portion: head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular portion: upper and lower limbs

28
Q

Major body cavities of the axial portion

A

Cranial cavity: houses brain

Vertebral canal (spinal cavity): contains spinal cord

Thoracic cavity: houses lungs and thoracic viscera

Abdominopelvic cavity: contains abdominal and pelvic
viscera

29
Q

What are the small cavities of the head?

M.O.N.O.

A

Oral cavity

Nasal cavity

Orbital cavities

Middle ear cavities

30
Q

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by double layered what?

A

serous membranes - that secrete serous fluid (slippery fluid that prevents friction between layers)

31
Q

Serous membranes consist of 2 layers:

A

Visceral Layer

Parietal Layer

32
Q

Visceral Layer

A

inner layer, which covers an organ

33
Q

Parietal Layer

A

outer layer, which lines wall of cavity

34
Q

Examples of serous membranes:

A

Visceral and parietal pleura (around lungs in thorax)

Visceral and parietal pericardium (around heart in thorax)

Visceral and parietal peritoneum (around abdominopelvic
organs

35
Q

Integumentary System:

A

Body covering, protection, body temperature regulation,
sensory reception, production of Vitamin D

36
Q

Skeletal System:

A

Support and movement, framework, protection,
attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of
blood cells

37
Q

Muscular System:

A

Support and movement, main source of body heat, of
posture

38
Q

Nervous System

A

Integration and coordination of organ function through
nerve impulses and neurotransmitters; rapid short-term
effects

39
Q

Endocrine system:

A

Integration and coordination of organ function through
chemical messengers called hormones; slower, longer-
lasting effects

40
Q

Cardiovascular System:

A

Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, hormones
and wastes

41
Q

Lymphatic System:

A

Transportation of fluids from tissue spaces to blood,
carries fats from digestive system to blood, and defends
body against infection

42
Q

Digestive System:

A

Receives food, breaks down food, absorbs digestion products,
excretes waste

43
Q

Respiratory System:

A

Moves air in and out of body, exchanges gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) between blood and air; absorbs oxygen

44
Q

Urinary System:

A

Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte & water balance
and blood pressure, produces urine and excretes it by
transporting it to outside of body

45
Q

Reproductive System:

A

Male and female systems produce and transport sex cells,
produce hormones, and produce new like organisms.
Female also provides for fetal development and childbirth

46
Q

Aging occurs from the microscopic to the whole-body level. These
are some of the changes that occur with aging

A
  • Hair loses pigment, becomes gray or white
  • Skin wrinkles due to decrease in subcutaneous fat
  • Skin stiffens due to decrease in collagen and elastin
  • Percentage of fats in the tissues increases
  • Joints develop stiffness
  • Elevated blood pressure may progress to hypertension
  • Elevated blood glucose may progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Tissues atrophy and organs shrink
  • Cells reach end of ability to undergo cell division, as they lose tips of
    chromosomes
  • Metabolic rate decreases
  • Decreased production of enzymes and other proteins
  • Some will develop dementia/Alzheimer disease
47
Q

Anatomical Position:

A

Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides,
palms facing forward

Anatomical terms of relative position are based on a
person standing in anatomical position

48
Q

Sagittal section

A

longitudinal cut that divides body into left
and right portions

49
Q

Mid-sagittal/Median section

A

divides body into equal left
and right portions

50
Q

Parasagittal section

A

sagittal section lateral to midline;
divides body into unequal left and right portions

51
Q

Transverse or Horizontal section

A

divides body into
superior and inferior portions

52
Q

Coronal or Frontal section

A

longitudinal cut that divides
body into anterior and posterior portions

53
Q

Cross section

A

A cut across the structure

54
Q

Oblique section

A

An angular cut

55
Q

Longitudinal section

A

A lengthwise cut

56
Q
A

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

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