Chapter 1 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
- Early healers depended on what ?
- What did studying cadavers bring us?
- Early healers depended on superstition and magic.
2.new knowledge of the human body
Anatomy?
The study of the structure/morphology of the
human body and its parts; derived from Greek for “a
cutting up
Physiology
The study of the functions of the human body
and its parts; derived from Greek for “relationship to
nature
The structure of organs and parts of the human body
determines the function
Levels of Organization
SA MM OC TO OO
All materials, living or non-living, are composed of chemicals, which
consist of atoms.
Subatomic Particles, Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
Subatomic Particles
protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells
Atom
tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)
Molecule
particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)
Macromolecule
large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)
Organelle
functional part of a cell )mitochondrion, lysome)
Cell
basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, blood cel)
Tissue
layer or mass of cells with a specific function (adipose tissue)
Organ
group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
Organ system
group of organs with a common function (digestive system)
Organism
composed of organ systems interacting (human)
Characteristics of Life
Growth: Increase in cell number and size and increase in
body size
Reproduction: Production of new cells and organisms
Responsiveness: Reaction to a change inside or outside
of the body
Movement: Change in body position or location; motion of
internal organs
Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in a living
system: Energy production and nutrient cycling
Respiration: Making energy. Most organisms do it by
taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide
Digestion: Breaking down food into usable nutrients for
absorption into the blood
Circulation: Moving chemicals and cells through the body
fluids
Excretion: Removing waste products
Requirements of Organisms
Life requires these environmental factors: Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure
Water
Most abundant substance in body
Environment for metabolic processes (intracellular and extracellular
fluids)
Required for transport of substances
Regulation of body temperature
Food
provides necessary nutrients to supply energy
Oxygen
releases energy from food
Heat
form of energy
helps maintain body temperature
partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
Application of force on an object
Atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
Hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Self-regulating systems that
monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them
as needed
3 parts of a Homeostatic Mechanism are?
R.E.C
Receptor: detects and provides information about the
stimuli (a change occurs in the internal enviroment)
Control Center: decision-maker that maintains the set
point (the change is compared to the set point)
Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control
center, and causes the necessary change in the internal
environment
Negative Feedback
Most common type of homeostatic mechanism
Effectors return conditions toward normal range, and the
deviation from set point lessens
Called “negative” because the response to the change
moves the variable in the opposite direction of the
deviation from the set point
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
Examples: Negative feedback controls body temperature,
blood pressure, and glucose level in the blood
Positive Feedback
Uncommon feedback mechanism in the body
The change/deviation is intensified, instead of reversed
Activity of effector is increased initially, instead of
decreasing
Short-lived
Produce unstable conditions, that seem like they will not
lead to homeostasis, but they will.
Examples: Blood clotting and the uterine contractions of
childbirth
The human body consists of 2 main portions which are?
Axial portion: head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular portion: upper and lower limbs
Major body cavities of the axial portion
Cranial cavity: houses brain
Vertebral canal (spinal cavity): contains spinal cord
Thoracic cavity: houses lungs and thoracic viscera
Abdominopelvic cavity: contains abdominal and pelvic
viscera
What are the small cavities of the head?
M.O.N.O.
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by double layered what?
serous membranes - that secrete serous fluid (slippery fluid that prevents friction between layers)
Serous membranes consist of 2 layers:
Visceral Layer
Parietal Layer
Visceral Layer
inner layer, which covers an organ
Parietal Layer
outer layer, which lines wall of cavity
Examples of serous membranes:
Visceral and parietal pleura (around lungs in thorax)
Visceral and parietal pericardium (around heart in thorax)
Visceral and parietal peritoneum (around abdominopelvic
organs
Integumentary System:
Body covering, protection, body temperature regulation,
sensory reception, production of Vitamin D
Skeletal System:
Support and movement, framework, protection,
attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of
blood cells
Muscular System:
Support and movement, main source of body heat, of
posture
Nervous System
Integration and coordination of organ function through
nerve impulses and neurotransmitters; rapid short-term
effects
Endocrine system:
Integration and coordination of organ function through
chemical messengers called hormones; slower, longer-
lasting effects
Cardiovascular System:
Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, hormones
and wastes
Lymphatic System:
Transportation of fluids from tissue spaces to blood,
carries fats from digestive system to blood, and defends
body against infection
Digestive System:
Receives food, breaks down food, absorbs digestion products,
excretes waste
Respiratory System:
Moves air in and out of body, exchanges gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) between blood and air; absorbs oxygen
Urinary System:
Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte & water balance
and blood pressure, produces urine and excretes it by
transporting it to outside of body
Reproductive System:
Male and female systems produce and transport sex cells,
produce hormones, and produce new like organisms.
Female also provides for fetal development and childbirth
Aging occurs from the microscopic to the whole-body level. These
are some of the changes that occur with aging
- Hair loses pigment, becomes gray or white
- Skin wrinkles due to decrease in subcutaneous fat
- Skin stiffens due to decrease in collagen and elastin
- Percentage of fats in the tissues increases
- Joints develop stiffness
- Elevated blood pressure may progress to hypertension
- Elevated blood glucose may progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Tissues atrophy and organs shrink
- Cells reach end of ability to undergo cell division, as they lose tips of
chromosomes - Metabolic rate decreases
- Decreased production of enzymes and other proteins
- Some will develop dementia/Alzheimer disease
Anatomical Position:
Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides,
palms facing forward
Anatomical terms of relative position are based on a
person standing in anatomical position
Sagittal section
longitudinal cut that divides body into left
and right portions
Mid-sagittal/Median section
divides body into equal left
and right portions
Parasagittal section
sagittal section lateral to midline;
divides body into unequal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal section
divides body into
superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal section
longitudinal cut that divides
body into anterior and posterior portions
Cross section
A cut across the structure
Oblique section
An angular cut
Longitudinal section
A lengthwise cut
