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BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 10 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Overview of Nervous System Function:

A
  • Master regulatory system
  • Sends and receives information
  • Sensory input (detects changes)
  • Integration and processing (making decisions)
  • Motor output (stimulates muscles and glands to respond)
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Acts as center for thought, learning, and memory
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2
Q

Sensory Input

A

Detects Change

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3
Q

Integration and Processing

A

Makes Decisions

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4
Q

Motor Output

A

Stimulates muscles and glands to respond

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5
Q

Main Cell Types of Nervous System:

2 types

A

Neurons (nerve cells) & Neuroglia

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6
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A
  • respond quickly to changes/stimuli
  • Conducts electrical impulses via neurotransmitters
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7
Q

What is the Flow of informaiton in the nervous system

A

Sensory receptor (sensory input) to Brain and spinal cord (integration) to Effector (motor output)

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8
Q

Central Nervous System

CNS

A

Brain
&
Spinal Cord

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

PNS

A
  • Connects CNS to other body parts
  • Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
  • two subdivisions: afferent sensory & efferent (motor)
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10
Q

Sensory Division

A

Sensory receptors perform sensory function (detect changes)

Receptors convert information into impulses

Impulses conducted along peripheral nerves to CNS for integration

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11
Q

Motor Division

A

Neurons that transmit impulses from CNS to effectors perform motor function

Effectors are muscles or glands outside nervous system

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12
Q

What are the two subdivisions of Motor Division?

A

Somatic: Transmits voluntary commands to skeletal muscles

Autonomic: Transmits involuntary commands to viscera

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13
Q

Neurons…?

A
  • Very in size and shape
  • may differ in length, number, and size of axons and dendrites
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14
Q

Neurons share certain structural features

A
  • Cell body (soma or perikaryon)
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
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15
Q

Cell body (soma or perikaryon):

A

Contains nucleus, cytoplasm,
organelles, neurofilaments, chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies)

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16
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched receptive surfaces; a neuron may have many

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17
Q

Axon

A

ransmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters to
another neuron or effector (another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland
cell); a neuron may have only 1 axon

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18
Q

Structural features of axons

A
  • Axon hillock: Cone-shaped area of cell body from which axon arises
  • Collaterals: Branches from axon
  • Axon terminal: Specialized endings of extensions from axon
  • Synaptic knob: Rounded ending of a synaptic terminal
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19
Q

Schwann cells:

A
  • Neuroglia of the PNS that wrap around some axons in layers
  • Myelin: Mixture of fats and proteins that fill layers made by Schwann
    cell membranes
  • Myelin sheath: A wrapped coating around some PNS axons,
    composed of layers of Schwann cell membranes and myelin; acts as
    electrical insulator
  • Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in myelin sheath between Schwann cells
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20
Q

True or False

Not all axons are myelinated

A

True

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21
Q

Myelinated axons:

A
  • Are coated by a myelin sheath
  • Produced by a series of Schwann cells lined up along axon in PNS
  • Produced by Oligodendrocytes in CNS
  • Groups of myelinated axons in CNS comprise White Matter
  • Increase conduction speed for electrical impulses
22
Q

Unmyelinated axons:

A

Encased by Schwann cell cytoplasm in PNS, but there is no
wrapped coating of myelin surrounding the axons
Groups of unmyelinated axons in CNS comprise Gray Matter

23
Q

What are the 3 classifications of neuron by structure?

B.U.M.

A
  • Multipolar neurons
  • Bipolar neurons
  • unipolar (Pseudounipolar) neurons:
24
Q

Multipolar neurons:

A
  • Many processes extend from cell body (many dendrites, 1 axon)
  • 99% of neurons
  • Most neurons of CNS, some in autonomic NS
25
Q

Bipolar neurons

A
  • Two processes extend from cell body (1 dendrite, 1 axon)
  • Not that common
  • Eyes, ears, nose
26
Q

Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) neurons:

A
  • One process extends from cell body
  • Two branches that function as 1 axon (peripheral and central
    processes)
  • Cell bodies are mainly found in ganglia of PNS
27
Q

Classification of Neurons by Function

M.I.S.

A
  • Sensory (Afferent) Neurons:
  • Carry impulses from periphery to CNS (brain or spinal cord)
  • At distal ends, contain sensory receptors to detect changes
  • Most are unipolar, some are bipolar
  • Interneurons (Association or Internuncial Neurons):
  • Link neurons in the CNS
  • Relay information from one part of CNS to another
  • Multipolar
  • Some cell bodies cluster to form nuclei in CNS
  • Motor (Efferent) Neurons:
  • Carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
  • Multipolar
  • In somatic NS, control voluntary skeletal muscles
  • In autonomic NS, control involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle, glands
28
Q

What are the general Functions of Neuroglia?

A
  • Provide structural support for neurons
  • In embryo, guide neurons into position, may stimulate
    specialization
  • Produce growth factors to nourish neurons and remove
    excess ions and neurotransmitters
  • Aid in formation of synapses
29
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A
  • Connect neurons to blood vessels, exchanging nutrients and growth factors
  • Form scar tissue
  • Aid metabolism of certain substances
  • Regulate ion concentrations, such as
  • Part of Blood Brain Barrier
30
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinate CNS axons; also provide structural support

31
Q

What are Microglia

A

Phagocytic cells; also provide structural support

32
Q

What are Ependyma or ependymal cells:

A
  • Line central canal of spinal cord & ventricles of brain, cover choroid plexuses
  • Help regulate composition of cerebrospinal fluid
  • Ciliated cuboidal or columnar cells
33
Q

Schwann Cells:

A
  • Produce myelin sheath found on some peripheral axons
  • Speed up speed of nerve impulse transmission
34
Q

Satellite Cells:

A
  • Support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia)
  • Nourish and balance ionic concentrations
35
Q

Do Mature Neurons divide?

&

If the cell body is injured, what happens to the neuron?

A
  • Mature neurons do not divide
  • If cell body is injured, the neuron usually dies
36
Q

Neuron Regeneration in the PNS:

A
  • If a peripheral axon is injured, it may regenerate
  • Axon separated from cell body and its myelin sheath will degenerate
  • Schwann cells and neurilemma remain
  • Remaining Schwann cells provide guiding sheath for growing axon
  • If growing axon establishes former connection, function will return; if not,
    function may be lost
37
Q

Neuron Regeneration in the CNS:

A
  • CNS axons lack neurilemma to act as guiding sheath
  • Oligodendrocytes do not proliferate after injury
  • Regeneration is unlikely
38
Q

Neurons communicate with each other at a…?

A

Synapse

39
Q

Synapse facts

A
  • A site at which a neuron transmits a nerve impulse to
    another neuron
  • Presynaptic neuron sends impulse
  • Postsynaptic neuron receives impulse
  • Synaptic cleft separates the 2 neurons
40
Q

What is Synaptic Transmission:

A
  • Process by which presynaptic neuron sends impulse to
    postsynaptic neuron
  • One-way process, using neurotransmitters to transfer the
    message
41
Q

Synaptic transmission facts continued…

A
  • Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another
  • Released neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and react with
    specific receptors in the membrane of postsynaptic neuron
  • Effects of neurotransmitters vary; some open ion channels and others
    close ion channels
  • Chemically gated ion channels respond to neurotransmitters.
  • Local potentials resulting from changes in chemically gated ion
    channels are called synaptic potentials.
42
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

increase permeability to Na+ ions, bring
membrane closer to threshold; increase likelihood of generating
impulses

43
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

move membrane farther from threshold,
decrease likelihood of generating impulses

44
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A
  • Membrane change in which neurotransmitter opens Na+ Channels.
  • Depolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron, as Na+ enters axon.
  • Action potential in postsynaptic neuron becomes more likely
45
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A
  • Membrane change in which neurotransmitter opens K+ channels (or Cl−
    channels).
  • Hyperpolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron, as K+ leaves axon
  • Action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely
46
Q

How many neurotransmitters are there?

A

at least 100

47
Q

Acetylcholine stimulates…?

A

skeletal muscle contraction

48
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters may be monoamines, amino acids, peptides
Neurotransmitters are produced in the rough ER or cytoplasm
When impulse reaches synaptic knob of an axon,
neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis

49
Q

Impulse Processing

A

The way the nervous system processes nerve impulses and
acts upon them reflects the organization of neurons and
axons in the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

Neuronal Pools:

A
  • Groups of interneurons that make synaptic connections with each
    other, and are located completely within the CNS
  • Cell bodies may be in different parts of the CNS
  • Interneurons work together to perform a common function
  • Each pool receives input from other neurons
  • Each pool generates output to other neurons
  • Pools may affect other pools or peripheral effectors
51
Q

Convergence

A
  • One neuron receives input from several neurons
  • Incoming impulses often represent information from different types of
    sensory receptors
  • Allows nervous system to collect, process, and respond to information
  • Makes it possible for a neuron to sum impulses from different sources
52
Q

Divergence

A
  • One neuron sends impulses to several neurons, via branching of its
    axon
  • Can amplify an impulse
  • Impulse from a single neuron in CNS may activate several motor units
    in a skeletal muscle
  • Impulse from a sensory receptor may reach different regions of the CN
    S for processing

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

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