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BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Cell?

A

cell is the basic unit of structure and function in the
body.
* Cells are measured in micrometers
* Cells that have developed specialized characteristics are
said to be differentiated.
* Cells vary in size and shape; structure and function are
inter-related.

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2
Q

what is a composite cell

A

there is no typical cell, but a composite cell shows components found in most cells

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3
Q

3 Major Parts of a Cell

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, directs cell’s activities

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of organelles, with specific functions, suspended in a
liquid called cytosol

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

Outer boundary of the cell
* Maintains integrity of cell
* Separates intracellular fluid (cytosol) from extracellular
fluid
* Selectively permeable: Regulates entry and exit of
substances
* Signal transduction: permits cell to receive and respond to
messages
* Consists mainly of lipids and proteins, with some
carbohydrates

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7
Q

Phospholipid bilayer: Cell membrane framework

A

Water-soluble (hydrophilic) heads form surfaces
* Water-insoluble (hydrophobic) tails form interior
* Bilayer is permeable to lipid-soluble substances, but not to
water-soluble substances

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8
Q

Cholesterol

A

Stabilizes membrane, helps keep it
impermeable to water-soluble substances

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9
Q

Membrane proteins have many functions. What are they?
Think pcrecic

A

Pores, channels,
receptors, enzymes, cell contact and identification, CAMs
(Cell Adhesion Molecules)

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

Think c, I, s

A

Cell recognition and interaction, self markers

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11
Q

Cytoplasm is…?

A

Consists of networks of membranes and organelles
suspended in cytosol
* Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles
* Cytosol: fluid portion of the cytoplasm
* Organelles: tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell
* Contains the cytoskeleton, a supporting framework of
protein rods and tubules

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12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

supporting framework of
protein rods and tubules

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13
Q

Cytospl

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Organelles

A

tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell

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15
Q

Ribosomes are?

A

Composed of protein and RNA
* Free in cytoplasm or on RER
* Provide structural support and enzyme activity to link amino
acids in protein synthesis

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16
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER

A

Membrane-bound sacs, canals, vesicles
* Tubular transport system
* Rough ER contains ribosomes, conducts protein synthesis
* Smooth ER does not have ribosomes; conducts lipid synthesis

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17
Q

Vesicles

A

Membranous sacs
store or transport substances

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus
**Think of UPS system

A

sacs of flattened, membranous sacs
refines, packages, and delivers proteins made of the RER

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19
Q

Example of organelle interaction

A

Milk secretion is an example of interaction among rough
and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, and transport vesicles

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Membrane-bound, fluid-filled sacs
* House chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients
(cellular respiration, which produces ATP)
* Called the “powerhouse of the cell

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small membranous sacs
* Contain enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic
acids, bacteria, debris, worn out cell parts
* “Garbage disposals” of cell

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs similar to lysosomes
* Contain enzymes that digest lipids, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide

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23
Q

Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments

A

Thread-like structures in cytoplasm that create the cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Microfilaments

A

tiny rods of actin
* Provide cellular movement, such as muscle contraction

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25
Q

Intermediate filaments:

A

Composed of several proteins
* A cytoskeletal structure
* Support nuclear envelope

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26
Q

Microtubules

A

Larger tubes of tubulin
* Rigidity maintains cell shape
* Make up cilia, flagella, and centrioles
* Help move organelles

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27
Q

Centrosome

A

“Central body” ; consists of 2 centrioles
* In cytoplasm, near nucleus
* Centrioles are cylindrical, composed of microtubules
* Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division,
which distribute chromosomes to forming daughter cells

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28
Q

Cilia

A

Motile extensions of cell membrane
* Consist of microtubules in cylindrical pattern
* Form a “fringe” on surface of certain epithelial cells
* Shorter than flagella, but very abundant when present
* Beat back and forth in coordinated manner
* Propel mucus in respiratory tract, propel egg toward uterus

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29
Q

Flagella

A

Another type of motile extension from cell membrane
* Similar in structure to cilia, but much longer
* Flagellum causes the entire cell to move
* Tail of a sperm cell is the only flagellum in a human cell
* Each cell has only 1 flagellum

30
Q

Cell nucleus contains?

A

genetic material and controls cell activities

31
Q

Nuclear envelope:

A

Double-layered membrane surrounding nucleus
* Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
* Nuclear pores allow passage of certain substances

32
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense body of RNA and protein
* Site of ribosome production

33
Q

Chromatin

A

Consists of cell’s chromosomes, each containing DNA wound
around proteins
* Stores information for protein synthesis

34
Q

Physical (Passive) Mechanisms:

A

Do not require cellular energy (ATP)
* Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

35
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions, from region of higher
concentration to region of lower concentration
* Occurs due to constant motion of atoms, molecules, ions
* Occurs only with substances that the cell membrane is permeable to:
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other lipid-soluble substances

36
Q

Example of Diffusion?

A

A sugar cube dissolving in water

37
Q

Diffusion extra info

A

Solutes and water can diffuse across a membrane that is permeable
to both of them until they reach equilibrium; at that point, the
concentrations of water and the solute are equal in both compartments

38
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability of a solution outside cell to alter water volume inside cell

39
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

same osmotic pressure; cells in an isotonic
solution have no net gain or loss of water

40
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

higher osmotic pressure; cells in a hypertonic
solution lose water

41
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

lower osmotic pressure; cells in a hypotonic
solution gain water

42
Q

Filtration

A

Process that forces molecules through membranes by
exerting pressure
* Used to separate solids from water, or small particles from
large ones.
* Example: When blood plasma leaves capillaries, water
and small solutes are filtered, but large plasma proteins
are not.
* Passive process; no ATP required

43
Q

Active Mechanisms

A

Require ATP to move substances across cell membrane
* Active transport
* Endocytosis
* Exocytosis
* Transcytosis

44
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of substances across a membrane from region of
lower concentration to region of higher concentration (against
concentration gradient)

45
Q

Uses carrier molecules in cell membrane, which are often called

A

pumps

46
Q

Active Process requires…?

A

ATP Energy

47
Q

Endocytosis

A

Movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle
* Substances too large to enter by other methods can enter
cell this way

48
Q

3 types of endocytosis:

A

Pinocytosis: membrane engulfs droplets of liquid

Phagocytosis: membrane engulfs solid particles

Receptor-mediated endocytosis: membrane engulfs
specific substances, which have bound to receptor
proteins on the membrane

49
Q

Exocytosis

A

Release of substances/particles from cell
* Vesicles containing particles fuse with cell membrane and
release contents
* Example: Release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells

50
Q

Transcytosis

A

Involves receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by exocytosis
* Quickly transports substance from one end of cell to the other
* Moves substances across barriers formed by tightly connected
cells
* Example: Transport of HIV across lining of anus or vagina

51
Q

Cell Cycle:

A

Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms
until the time it divides

52
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle:

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

53
Q

Interphase

A

Growth of cell, maintenance of normal
functions

54
Q

Mitosis

A

Somatic cell division produces two daughter cells from an original cell:

Division of nucleus via karyokinesis

55
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

56
Q

What is the Interphase?

A

A very active period in cell cycle
* Cell grows and maintains normal functions
* Cell replicates genetic material (DNA) to prepare for mitosis
(nuclear division)
* Cell synthesizes organelles, membranes, and biochemicals to
prepare for cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm

57
Q

Phases of Interphase?

A

S (synthesis) phase: DNA is replicated during this phase
* G1 and G2 (growth or gap) phases: Structures and other
molecules are duplicated

58
Q

Phases of Mitosis:

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

59
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, centrioles
move to opposite sides of cytoplasm, nuclear envelope and nucleolus
disperse

60
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to chromosomes
and align them midway between centrioles

61
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes separate and move in opposite directions
toward centrioles as the spindle fibers shorten

62
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear
envelope forms around each chromosome set, and nucleoli become
visible

63
Q

Cytokinesis = cytoplasmic division and…?

A

Begins during anaphase
* Continues through telophase
* Contractile ring of actin filaments pinches cytoplasm in half
* Constriction is called a cleavage furrow
* Newly formed cells will have identical DNA, may have
slightly different size and number of organelles

64
Q

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

A

Loss of cell cycle control
Heritability (a cancer cell divides to form more cancer cells)
Transplantability (a cancer cell implanted into another individual will cause
cancer to develop)
Dedifferentiation (loss of specialized characteristics)
Loss of contact inhibition
Ability to induce local blood vessel extension (angiogenesis)
Invasiveness
Ability to metastasize (spread)

65
Q

Differentiation

A

process of specialization of cells

66
Q

Stem Cell

A

Can divide to form two new stem cells (called self-renewal)
* Can also divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell
* Can differentiate as any of many cell types

67
Q

Progenitor Cell:

A

Partially specialized stem cell, daughter of stem cell
* Can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells; called a
“committed” cell

68
Q

Totipotent

A

Daughter cells that can specialize to become any cell type,
such as fertilized egg, cells of early embryo

69
Q

Pluripotent

A

Daughter cells that can become a limited number of cell
types, such as stem cells of later development, progenitor cells

70
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
* Normal part of development
* A continuous, stepwise process
* Removes webbing between fetal fingers and toes
* Protective, peels away damaged skin cells after sunburn

71
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death from damage
* Not a normal process

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

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