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BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 12 - Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the Senses do?

A

Maintain homeostasis, by providing information about the
outside world and the internal environment

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of senses?

A

General and Special

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3
Q

General Senses

A
  • Receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body
  • Skin, various organs, and joints
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4
Q

Special Senses

A
  • Specialized receptors confined to structures in the head
  • Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth
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5
Q

What are Sensory Receptors

A
  • Collect information from the environment, and relay it to the CNS on
    sensory neurons
  • Link nervous system to internal and external changes or events
  • Can be specialized cells or multicellular structures
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6
Q

Sensory receptors facts

A
  • Respond to specific stimuli
  • Particularly sensitive to a certain type of environmental
    change, and less sensitive to other stimuli
  • Allow body to interpret sensory events
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7
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors in the body?

A
  • Chemoreceptors
    • Pain receptors (nociceptors):
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
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8
Q

what are Chemoreceptors

A
  • Respond to changes in chemical concentrations
  • Smell, taste, oxygen concentration
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9
Q

what are Pain receptors (nociceptors):

A
  • Respond to tissue damage
  • Mechanical, electrical, thermal energy
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10
Q

what are Thermoreceptors

A
  • Respond to moderate changes in temperature
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11
Q

what are Mechanoreceptors

A
  • Respond to mechanical forces that distort receptor
  • Touch, tension, blood pressure, stretch
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12
Q

what are Photoreceptors

A
  • respond to light
  • eyes
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13
Q

Sensation facts

A
  • Occurs when action potentials make the brain aware of a
    sensory event
  • Example: Awareness of pain
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14
Q

Perception facts

A
  • Occurs when brain interprets sensory impulses
  • Example: Realizing that pain is a result of stepping on a tack
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15
Q

Projection facts

A
  • Process in which cerebral cortex interprets sensation as being
    derived from certain receptors
  • Brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source
  • It allows a person to locate the region of stimulation
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16
Q

Sensory Adaptation:

A
  • Ability to ignore unimportant (or continuous) stimuli
  • Involves a decreased response to a particular stimulus
    from the receptors (peripheral adaptation) or along the
    CNS pathways leading to the cerebral cortex (central
    adaptation)
  • When sensory adaptation occurs, sensory impulses
    become less frequent and may cease
  • Stronger stimulus is then required to trigger impulses
  • Best accomplished by thermoreceptors and olfactory
    receptors
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17
Q

What are General Senses?

A
  • Senses with small, widespread sensory receptors, associated
    with skin, muscles, joints, and viscera
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18
Q
  • General Senses are divided into what 3 groups:
A
  • Exteroceptive
  • Interoceptive (visceroceptive)
  • Proprioceptive
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19
Q

Exteroceptive senses

A
  • Senses associated with body surface
  • Examples: Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
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20
Q

Interoceptive (visceroceptive) senses

A
  • Senses associated with changes in the viscera
  • Examples: Blood pressure stretching blood vessels
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21
Q

Proprioceptive senses

A
  • Senses associated with changes in muscles, tendons, and joints, body
    position
  • Examples: Stimulated when changing position or exercising
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22
Q

What are the 3 types of mechanoreceptors that respond to touch and pressure?

A
  • Free nerve endings
  • Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
  • Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
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23
Q

Free nerve endings

A
  • Common in epithelial tissues
  • Simplest receptors
  • Sense itching and other sensations
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24
Q
  • Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles:
A
  • Abundant in hairless portions of skin and lips
  • Detect fine touch and texture
  • Distinguish between 2 points
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25
Q
  • Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles:
A
  • Nerve endings encased in large ellipsoidal structures
  • Common in deeper subcutaneous tissues, tendons, and ligaments
  • Detect heavy pressure and vibrations
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26
Q

Temperature receptors (thermoreceptors):

A
  • Free nerve endings in skin
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27
Q

what are the 2 types of thermoreceptors?

A
  • Warm receptors
  • Cold receptors
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28
Q

Warm receptors

A
  • Sensitive to temperatures above 25°C (77°F)
  • Unresponsive to temperature above 45°C (113°F)
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29
Q

Cold receptors

A
  • Sensitive to temperatures between 10°
    (50°F) and 20°C (68°F)
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30
Q

Pain receptors

A
  • Respond to temperatures below 10°C; produce freezing sensation
  • Respond to temperatures above 45°C; produce burning sensation
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31
Q

Pain receptors/nociceptors facts

A
  • Consist of free nerve endings
  • Widely distributed
  • Nervous tissue of brain lacks pain receptors
  • Stimulated by tissue damage, chemicals, mechanical
    forces, or extremes in temperature, oxygen deficiency
  • Adapt very little, if at all
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32
Q

Visceral Pain is…?

A
  • Pain receptors are the only receptors in viscera whose
    stimulation produces sensations
  • Pain receptors in viscera respond differently to stimulation
    than those of surface tissues
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33
Q

Visceral pain may feel as if coming from some other part of
the body; this is called…?

A

Referred Pain

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34
Q

Example of referred pain…?

A

Heart pain often feels like it is
coming from the left shoulder or medial portion of left arm

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35
Q

Referred pain results from ______ _____ ________, in which sensory impulses from the visceral organ and a certain area of the skin synapse with the same neuron in the CNS

A

Common Nerve Pathways

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36
Q

Thalamus

A

begins sensation of pain

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37
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Judges intensity of pain
  • Locates source of pain
  • Produces emotional and motor responses to pain
  • The emotional response to pain involves the limbic system
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38
Q

Gray matter in brainstem

A
  • Regulates flow of impulses from spinal cord
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39
Q

Pain-inhibiting substances produced in the body are…?

A
  • Enkephalins
  • Serotonin
  • Endorphins
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40
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Mechanoreceptors that send information to CNS about body
position, and length and tension of skeletal muscles

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41
Q

What are the 3 main types of proprioceptors?

A
    • Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles:
    • Muscle spindles:
    • Golgi tendon organs:
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42
Q
  • Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles:
A
  • Pressure receptors in joints
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43
Q
  • Muscle spindles:
A
  • Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles
  • Initiate stretch reflexes, in which spindle stretch causes muscle
    contraction
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44
Q
  • Golgi tendon organs:
A
  • Stretch receptors in tendons
  • Stimulate reflexes that oppose stretch reflexes
  • Help maintain posture, and protects muscle attachments from being
    pulled loose
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45
Q

Visceral senses:

A
  • Have receptors in internal organs
  • Examples: Lamellated corpuscles, free nerve endings
  • Convey information that includes the sense of fullness
    after eating a meal as well as the discomfort of intestinal
    gas and the pain that signals a heart attack
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46
Q

Special Senses

A
  • Senses that have sensory receptors are within large,
    complex sensory organs in the head
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47
Q

What are the types of special senses and their organs?

A
  • Smell: Olfactory organs in nasal cavity
  • Taste: Taste buds in oral cavity
  • Hearing and equilibrium: Inner ears
  • Sight: Eyes
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48
Q

Olfaction

A

the sense of smell

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49
Q
  • Olfactory receptors:
A
  • Olfactory receptor cells are chemoreceptors
  • Respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids
  • Sense of smell provides 75 to 80% of sense of taste
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50
Q

Olfactory organs

A
  • Contain olfactory receptor cells (bipolar neurons) and supporting epithelial
    cells
  • Olfactory neurons have knobs at the distal ends of their dendrites covered
    with cilia
  • Cover upper parts of nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, and a portion of
    the nasal septum
  • Odorants may bind to any of almost 400 types of olfactory membrane
    receptors, resulting in depolarization and action potentials
51
Q

Olfactory Pathways

A
  • Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses
    travel through openings in cribriform plates of ethmoid
    bone
  • Olfactory nerves → olfactory bulbs → olfactory tracts →
    limbic system (for emotions) and olfactory cortex (for
    interpretation)
  • Olfactory bulbs process sensory impulses
  • Limbic system, center for memory and emotion, provides
    emotional responses to certain odorant molecules
52
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste

53
Q

Taste buds

A
  • Organs of taste
  • Located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks, and walls of
    pharynx
  • About 10,000 taste buds, each with 50 to 150 taste cells
54
Q

taste receptors

A
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Taste cells: modified epithelial cells that function as receptors
  • Taste hairs: microvilli that protrude from taste cells through pores of taste
    buds; sensitive parts of taste cells
  • Taste cells are replaced every 3 days
55
Q

What are the 5 Primary Taste Sensations?

A
  • Sweet: Stimulated by carbohydrates
  • Sour: Stimulated by acids (H+
    )
  • Salty: Stimulated by salts (Na+ or K+
    )
  • Bitter: Stimulated by many organic compounds, Mg and Ca
    salts
  • Umami: Stimulated by some amino acids, MSG
56
Q

Taste Sensations

A
  • Each flavor results from 1 primary taste sensation or a
    combination
  • Spicy foods may stimulate a class of pain receptors
  • Taste receptors undergo rapid adaptation
57
Q

Ear

A

organ of hearing and equilibrium

58
Q

what are the 3 sections of the ear?

A
  • outer/external ear
  • middle ear
  • inner/internal ear
59
Q

What are the Parts of the Outer Ear?

T.E.A.

A
  • Auricle (pinna)
  • External acoustic meatus
  • tympanic membrane (eardrum)
60
Q

Auricle (pinna)

A
  • funnel-shaped
  • collects sounds waves
61
Q

external acoustic meatus

A
  • S-shaped tube
  • Lined with ceruminous glands
  • Carries sound to tympanic membrane
  • Terminates at tympanic membrane
62
Q
  • Tympanic membrane (Eardrum):
A

vibrates in response to sound waves

63
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Middle Ear

A
  • tympanic cavity
  • auditory ossicles
  • oval window
64
Q

Tympanic cavity

A

air-filled space in temporal bone

65
Q

Auditory ossicles

A
  • 3 tiny bones
  • Vibrate in response to tympanic membrane vibrations; amplify force
  • Malleus, incus, and stapes (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
66
Q

Oval Window

A
  • Opening in wall of tympanic cavity
  • Stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear
67
Q

Auditory (eustachian) tube:

A
  • Connects middle ear to throat
  • Helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of
    tympanic membrane
  • Usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat
68
Q

Inner ear is a complex system of _________?

A

Labyrinth

69
Q
  • Osseous (bony) labyrinth:
A
  • Bony canal in temporal bone
  • Filled with fluid called perilymph
70
Q
  • Membranous labyrinth:
A
  • Tube of similar shape that lies within osseous labyrinth
  • Filled with fluid called endolymph
71
Q

what are the Three portions of labyrinths?

A
  • Cochlea functions in hearing
  • Semicircular canals function in dynamic equilibrium
  • Vestibule functions in static equilibrium
72
Q

There are 2 membrane-covered “windows” in the wall of the bony labyrinth which are?

A
  • Oval window:
    -Opening in the wall of the tympanic cavity, through which the stapes
    transfers vibrations to the fluid of the inner ear
    -Vibrations stimulate hearing receptors
  • Round window:
    -Window in the wall of the inner ear facing the tympanic cavity
    -Dissipates excess vibrations into the tympanic cavity
73
Q

Cochlea

A
  • Spiral, snail-shaped tube, widest at its base, becomes narrower
    toward tip
  • Coiled around bony core, the modiolus
  • Spiral lamina is a bony shelf that coils around cochlea
74
Q

Auditory Pathways are (from top to bottom)

A

cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve > medulla oblongate > midbrain > thalamus > auditory in temporal lobe of cerebrum

75
Q

Feeling of equilibrium/balance is derived from what 2 senses?

A

static equilibrium
&
dynamic equilibrium

76
Q

Static Equilibrium

A
  • Senses position of head when body is not moving
  • Receptors are found in vestibule of inner ear
77
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A
  • Senses rotation and movement of head and body
  • Receptors are found in semicircular canals
78
Q

Visual receptors are found in the…?

A

Eye

79
Q

Accessory organs for sense of sight

A
  • Upper and lower eyelids (palpebrae, protection)
  • Eyelashes (protection)
  • Lacrimal apparatus (tear production)
  • Extrinsic eye muscles (eye movement)
80
Q

Eyelids (Palpebrae):

is composed of what 4 layers?

A
  • Skin: Thinnest in body
  • Muscle: Orbicularis oculi closes eyelid, Levator palpebrae
    superioris muscle opens it
  • Connective tissue: Contains tarsal glands, which secrete oil onto
    eyelashes
  • Conjunctiva: Mucous membrane that lines eyelid and covers
    portion of eyeball
81
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Mucous membrane that lines eyelid and covers
portion of eyeball

82
Q

What makes up the Lacrimal Apparatus?

A
  • lacrimial gland
  • canaliculi
  • lacrimal sac
  • nasolacrimal duct
  • lysozyme
83
Q

Lacrimal gland

A
  • in orbit, lateral to eye
  • secretes tears
84
Q

canaliculi

A
  • 2 ducts that collect tears
85
Q

lacrimal sac

A
  • collects tears from canaliculi
  • lies in groove in lacrimal bone
86
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A
  • collects from lacrimal sac
  • empties tears into nasal cavity
87
Q

lysozyme

A
  • antibacterial component of tears
88
Q

what are the Six Extrinsic Eye Muscles for eye movement and their functions?

A
  • Superior rectus:
  • Rotates eye up and media
  • Inferior rectus:
  • Rotates eye down and medially
  • Medial rectus:
  • Rotates eye medially
  • Lateral rectus:
  • Rotates eye laterally
  • Superior oblique:
  • Rotates eye down and laterally
  • Inferior oblique:
  • Rotates eye up and laterally
89
Q

The eye:

A

Hollow, sperical organ of sight

90
Q

the wall of eye has 3 layers which are?

A
  • Outer (fibrous) tunic
  • Middle (vascular) tunic
  • Inner (nervous) tunic
91
Q

Outer (fibrous) tunic:

A
  • Consists of cornea and sclera
  • Portions of outer tunic:
92
Q

Cornea

A
  • Anterior one-sixth
  • Transparent window of eye
  • Helps focus light rays
  • Transmits and refracts light
93
Q

Sclera

A
  • Posterior five sixths
  • White, opaque, tough
  • Protects eye, attaches muscles
  • Pierced by optic nerve and blood vessels
94
Q

Middle (vascular) tunic:

A
  • Consists of choroid coat , ciliary body, iris
  • Portions of middle tunic
95
Q

Choroid coat:

A
  • Posterior five-sixths
  • Provides blood supply
  • Contains melanocytes; melanin absorbs extra light
96
Q

Ciliary Body

A
  • Anterior portion
  • Thickest portion, pigmented
  • Forms ring to hold lens; changes lens shape for focusing
  • Contains ciliary muscles to move lens, and radiating folds (processes)
97
Q

Iris

A
  • Anterior to ciliary body, in front of lens
  • Pigmented
  • Controls light entering eye
98
Q

Anterior cavity of eye:

A
  • Cavity between cornea and lens
  • Filled with a watery fluid, aqueous humor
99
Q

Lens

A
  • Transparent, biconvex, lies behind iris, elastic
  • Held in place by suspensory ligaments of ciliary body
  • Helps focus light ray
100
Q

Accommodation

A
  • A change in the shape of the lens, to view close objects
  • Lens thickens and becomes more convex when focusing on close object
  • Lens thins and becomes flatter when focusing on distant objects
  • The ciliary muscle relaxes the suspensory ligaments during
    accommodation
101
Q

The Iris facts

A
  • Controls amount of light entering the eye
  • Consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle (colored portion of
    eye)
  • Pupil is window or opening in center of iris
  • Dim light stimulates radial muscles and pupil dilates
  • Bright light stimulates circular muscles and pupil constricts
  • Amount and distribution of melanin determines eye color
102
Q

the Pupil is…?

A

the window or opening in center of iris

103
Q

Aqueous Humor:

A
  • Fluid in anterior cavity of eye
  • Fills both anterior and posterior chambers of anterior cavity; circulates
    through pupil
  • Secreted by epithelium on inner surface of the ciliary body
  • Provides nutrients and maintains shape of anterior portion of eye
  • Leaves cavity through scleral venous sinus
104
Q

Posterior cavity

A
  • Space enclosed by lens, ciliary body, and retina
  • Contains vitreous humor
  • Vitreous body: Vitreous body + collagen fibers
105
Q

Vitreous humor

A

thick gel that holds retina flat
against choroid coat, and helps maintain the shape of the
eye

106
Q

Inner tunic consists of retina:

A
  • Retina contains visual receptors (photoreceptors)
  • Continuous with optic nerve in back of eye
  • Ends just behind margin of the ciliary body toward front of eye
  • Macula lutea: yellowish spot in retina
  • Fovea centralis: center of macula lutea; produces sharpest vision
  • Optic disc: blind spot; contains no photoreceptors; found where nerve
    fibers from retina leave eye to become optic nerve
107
Q

Macula Lutea

A

yellowish spot in retina

108
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

center of macula lutea, produces sharpest vision

109
Q

Optic disc

A

blind spot; contains no photoreceptors; found where nerve
fibers from retina leave eye to become optic nerve

110
Q

Photoreceptors are

A

modified neurons of retina that sense light:

110
Q

the inner tunic consists of retina is composed of several layers

A
  • From innermost layer, they are photoreceptor cells, horizontal cells, bipolar cells,
    amacrine cells, and ganglion cells
  • Photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells provide pathway for impulses
    triggered by photoreceptors to reach the optic nerve
  • Horizontal cells and amacrine cells modify, integrate impulses
111
Q

Photoreceptors are composed of…?

A

rods and cones

111
Q

Rods

A
  • Long, thin projections (rod-shaped)
  • Contain light sensitive pigment, called rhodopsin
  • Hundreds of times more sensitive to light than cones
  • Provide vision in dim light
  • Produce vision without color in shades of gray
  • Produce outlines of objectsC
112
Q

Cones

A
  • Short, blunt projections (cone-shaped)
  • Contain light sensitive pigments, called erythrolabe, chlorolabe, and cyanolabe
  • Provide vision in bright light
  • Produce sharp images
  • Produce color vision
  • Fovea centralis contains only cones
113
Q

rods and cones contain…?

A

light-sensitive pigments that decompose upon light absorption

114
Q

Rhodopsin (Visual purple, light-sensitive pigment in discs of
rods)

A
  • In presence of light, decomposes into Opsin and Retinal
  • Triggers a complex series of reactions that initiates nerve impulses
  • Impulses travel along optic nerve
115
Q
  • Iodopsins (light-sensitive pigments in discs of cones):
A
  • Each type of cone contains different light-sensitive pigment
  • Each type of cone is sensitive to different wavelengths
  • Color perceived depends on which types of cones are stimulated
  • Erythrolabe: responds to red light
  • Chlorolabe: responds to green light
  • Cyanolabe: responds to blue light
116
Q

Erythrolabe

A

responds to red light

117
Q

Chlorolabe

A

responds to green light

118
Q

Cyanolabe

A

responds to blue light

119
Q

Stereoscopic Vision

A
  • Provides perception of distance, depth, height, and width of objects
  • Possible because of distance between pupils
  • Results from formation of two slightly different retinal images from
    eyes
  • Overlapping images from the two eyes combine in visual cortex to
    form a single 3-dimensional image of object
120
Q

Age-related hearing loss due to:

A
  • Damage to hair cells in spiral organ
  • Degeneration of neural pathways to the brain
  • Tinnitus
121
Q

Age-related visual problems include:

A
  • Dry eyes
  • Floaters (crystals in vitreous humor)
  • Loss of elasticity of lens, decreasing accommodation (presbyopia)
  • Glaucoma
  • Cataracts
  • Macular degeneration
122
Q

Age-related smell and taste problems due to:

A
  • Loss of olfactory receptors (anosmia)

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

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